neurodevelopmental etiology

Question 1

in 1980, crow developed:

Answer 1

type 1 and type 2 schizophrenia

Question 2

focus of type 1 and type 2 schizophrenia:

Answer 2

primarily structural changes after the onset

Question 3

some brain imaging machines:

Answer 3

CAT or CT scan, PET scan, MRI, fMRI, DTI

Question 4

the development of what created PET scan?

Answer 4

radioligands

Question 5

CT scan uses:

Answer 5

X-rays of the head taken from many directions then processed using computer program

Question 6

MRI uses:

Answer 6

strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate complete images of brain

Question 7

PET scan uses:

Answer 7

radioactive substances known as radio tracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes and in physiological activities

Question 8

fMRI uses:

Answer 8

MRI techniques by detecting changes associated with blood flow

Question 9

Diffusion tenor imagine (DTI) uses:

Answer 9

MRI technique that measures diffusion of water in tissue in order to produce neural tract images

Question 10

early CT studies detect larger:

Answer 10

lateral ventricles possibly suggesting loss of brain matter

Question 11

early MRI studies detect reductions in:

Answer 11

overall brain size

Question 12

Later MRI studies demonstrate reductions in/gets worse with:

Answer 12

thickness of the cortex that is present at the onset of illness and gets worse with disease progression

Question 13

neurodevelopmental hypothesis:

Answer 13

not only is schizophrenia associated with structural pathology, data has also suggested that the pathology is in the form of a structural defect

Question 14

the brain takes years of fine tuning before the brain functions in the:

Answer 14

same way as an adult and has adult like microstructure

Question 15

synaptogensis:

Answer 15

neurons start making connections and sends out projections to nearby neurons. synapse formation begins contributing in part of growth of grey matter

Question 16

grey matter changes in childhood to adolescence:

Answer 16

cortical thickness decreases, synapses rearranged and pruned, greater efficiency

Question 17

white matter changes in childhood to adolescence:

Answer 17

myelination increases, greater connectivity, greater efficiency

Question 18

synapse rearrangement steps: (3)

Answer 18

1. release and uptake of neurotrophic factors
2. neurons receiving insufficient neurotropic factors die
3. axonal processes complete for limited neurotropic factor

Question 19

active synapses likely take up:

Answer 19

neurotrophic factors that maintains the synapse

Question 20

inactive synapses get too little:

Answer 20

trophic factors to maintain stable

Question 21

more synapses equals ____ cortex

Answer 21

thicker

Question 22

pruned synapses equals ____ cortex

Answer 22

thinner

Question 23

possibility 1 of schizophrenia as a neurdevelopmental disorder:

Answer 23

presence of an early developmental “insult” that is latent throughout development but not does manifest behaviorally until later when brain can no longer compensate

Question 24

possibility 2 of schizophrenia as a neurdevelopmental disorder:

Answer 24

imbalance in inhibitory and excitatory neural activity isn’t a big deal until adolescence is required for the “fine tuning” of higher cognitive function

Question 25

table stages of schizophrenia diagnostics:

Answer 25

features, diagnosis, disability, intervention

Question 26

evidence for disruptions in brain development have been identified at every:

Answer 26

stage of schizophrenia

Question 27

primary differences in brain of those with schizo and healthy brain (3)

Answer 27

1. deficits in myelination (reduced communication)
2. earlier decline in prefrontal excitatory synapses ( excessive pruning)
3. deficit in the development of inhibitory synapses (reduced interneuron activity)

Question 28

primary cell types include those that are involved in:

Answer 28

dopamine and glutamate signaling

Question 29

glutamate responsible for:

Answer 29

learning and memory

Question 30

dopamine located in ___ parts of brain and glutamate located in ___ part of brain:

Answer 30

midbrain and striatum; cortex

Question 31

mesocortical pathway responsible for:

Answer 31

cognitive and executive function

Question 32

negative symptoms are:

Answer 32

HYPOdopaminergic

Question 33

mesolimbic pathway responsible for:

Answer 33

regulation of emotional behavior

Question 34

positive symptoms are:

Answer 34

HYPERdopaminergic

Question 35

tuberinfundibular pathway responsible for:

Answer 35

regulation of prolactin secretion

Question 36

nigrostriatal pathway responsible for:

Answer 36

motor control

Question 37

in the shchizo brain, dopamine levels in the mesolimbic pathway are:

Answer 37

increase causing positive symptoms of schizo. high levels

Question 38

dopamine levels in the mesocortical pathway are:

Answer 38

decreased, leading to negative and cognitive symptoms. low levels

Question 39

the predominant “go” neurotransmitter in the brain is:

Answer 39

glutamate

Question 40

evidence implicating glutamate hypothesis: (3)

Answer 40

1. post mortem changes in NMDA receptors
2. NMDA-recoptor antagonists can cause psychotic symptoms
3. some glutamatergic drugs have shown promise in treated schizo

Question 41

steps in glutamatrgic and dopaminergic pathways: (4)

Answer 41

1. reduced NMDA receptor availability/ functioning on GABAergic interneurons
2. disinhibition of glutamatrgic projections onto midbrain dopamine neurones
3. increase glutamate release
4. increase activation of dopaminergic neurones

Question 42

most glutamtergic excitatory synapses occur one small protrusions along dendrites called:

Answer 42

dendritic spines

Question 43

during development and adulthood, changes in dendritic spine number and shape accompany:

Answer 43

synapse formation, cell maintenance, and cell elimination allowing remodeling of connectivity within neuronal circuits