Genetic etiology Flashcards
what is an odds ratio?
measure of association between an exposure and outcome.
schizophrenia is a genetic disorder, but is neither:
necessary nor sufficient
cells involved in genes:
genome, cell, chromosome, DNA, proteins
different protein involvement in gene making: (3)
- single nucleotide polymorphisms may influence shape of proteins
- genes contain instructions for making proteins
- proteins act alone or in complexes to perform many cellular functions
gene genetic variation for schizophrenia:
risk alleles of schizo
cells genetic variation for schizophrenia:
molecular abnormalities
systems genetic variation for schizophrenia:
abnormal brain function
behavior genetic variation for schizophrenia:
emergent behavioral phenomena
case control samples show that in sz patients, they have carries of:
SNP X
Manhattan plot:
scatterplot that plots statistics of a given SNP ordered by chromosomes
schizophrenia is a what type of disorder?
polygenic disorder
deletions:
segment of chromosome that is missing
duplications:
having 2 sections that are identical
insertions:
have a segment that doesn’t go there
de novo:
arise new
wrongness in dna can occur via inheritance or:
de novo: arising new
genes are responsible for making:
proteins involved in nearly all cellular activities
in the case of schizophrenia, the vast majority of genes implicated are associated with the:
development and maintenance of cells in the brain
the 4 regions in brain that hutkins et al found at times or development:
region 1: early prenatal
region 2: early to mid prenatal
region 3: mid late Renata;
region 4: late prenatal
latent vulnerability model shows:
how environment can lead to schizophrenia
which environmental factors can lead to sz?
low protective factors, high stressors/challenges, risk genotypes
meta analysis:
statistical examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subjects in order to determine trends
most consistent evidence of trends to cause sz are:
childhood trauma, substance use, urbanicity
prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids is:
neurotoxic
chronic elevation of glucocorticoids reduces:
number of neurons in pathway
prolonged exposure to glutocorticoids dusrupts the efficiency of
the negative feedback loop so stress response becomes inefficient
which trauma has the most impact?
emotional trauma
in CTQ score, childhood trauma is much higher in:
a person with sz than who doesn’t
the caveats to the cannabis psychosis persistence model:
self medication, cannabis being a “dirty drug”, genetic risk factors for cannabis use and sz overlap.
cannabis psychosis persistence model shows:
3 persons who are exposed to cannabis and if they gain psychotic disorder or not
biological mediators of urbanicity:
- obstetric complications
- low vitamin d levels
3.air pollution, traffic - genetic vulnerability
- cannabis use
social mediators of urbanicity:
deprivation
neighborhood organization
ethnic composition
migration
gene x environment interaction:
interactions may also take the form of environmental factors impacting DNA methylation, producing changes in egenes
epigenetic:
study of how behavior and environment can cause cellular changes and affect the way genes work
epigenetic changes are _____ and __ ___ change your DNA sequence but they can change:
reversible; do nor; how your body reads a DNA sequence
preconception factors:
famine, exposure to viral infections, pregnancy complications, maternal depression
