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NRSC2000 > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gastrulation
- day 13-19

A

Process during embryonic development that changes the embryo from a blastula with a single layer of cells to a gastrula containing multiple layers of cells.

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2
Q

During gastrulation, the blastula folds in on itself and cells migrate to form the three layers of cells in which strucutre?

A

The gastrula, with a hollow space that will become the digestive tract

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3
Q

Three Germ Layers

A

1) Ectoderm (outer layer)
2) Mesoderm (middle layer)
3) Endoderm (internal layer)

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4
Q

How is the blastula formed?

A

Single cell zygote which undergoes rapid cell division, called cleavage to form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula

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5
Q

In mammals, what does the blastula forms in the next stage of development?

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

How are the cells in the blastula arranged in the blastocyst?

A

Arrange themselves in two layers: the inner cell mass, and an outer layer called the trophoblast.

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7
Q

What does the inner cell mass do?

A

Forms the embryo

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8
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Nervous system and the epidermis, among other tissues, neural crest

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body, digestive tract, red blood cells, and the tubules of the kidneys,

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10
Q

Endoderm - gives rise to tissues that form internal structures and organs.

A

the colon, the stomach, the intestines, the lungs, the liver, and the pancreas.

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11
Q

Difference between the development of a fish and mice?

A

Fish develop outside of the body, mice develop inside the belly

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12
Q

Organogenesis

A

Three germ layers of the embryo differentiate and further specialize to form the various organs of the body

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13
Q

Primitive Streak

A

Temporary structure whose formation, on day 15 of human development, marks the start of gastrulation,

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14
Q

What does the primitive streak give rise to?

A

The notochord and to the third basic layer, the mesoderm.

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15
Q

Notochord

A

flexible rodlike structure of mesodermal cells that is a defining strucutre in chordates and has an essential role in vertebrate development

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16
Q

What does the notochord define?

A

The embryonic midline, and thus the axis of symmetry for the entire body.

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17
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Consists of cells derived from the ectoderm, formation of neuroectoderm is the first step in the development of the nervous system

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18
Q

Neural Plate

A

Thickened portion of ectoderm along the midline of the embryo

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19
Q

Neurlation

A

Formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm of the embryo.

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20
Q

Structures Present on Day 18 (5)

A
  • Three Germ Layers
  • Primitive Streak
    -Neuroectoderm
  • Notochord
  • Neural Plate
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21
Q

Day 20 Structures (6)

A
  • Neural Plate/tube
  • Neural Crest
  • Neural Groove
  • Pre-somatic mesoderm
  • Floorplate
  • Notochord
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22
Q

Neural Crest

A

Group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube

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23
Q

Floorplate

A

critical signaling center during neural development located along the ventral midline of the embry

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24
Q

Day 22 Structures

A

Notochord
Neutral Tube
Neural Crest
Anterior Neural Fold
Somite
Floor Plate
Roofplate

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25
Q

What structure is required to form the peripheral nervous system?

A

Neutral Crest

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26
Q

Rhombencephalon (brain stem/cerebellum)

A
  • region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, (brain stem) and the cerebellum.
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27
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Birth defect in which an area of the spinal column doesn’t form properly, leaving a section of the spinal cord and spinal nerves exposed.

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28
Q

Two types of Spina Bifida

A

1) Spina Bifida Occulta (Hidden)
2) Spina Bifida Aperta (Visibly present)

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29
Q

Complication of Spina Bifida (4)

A

Neurological complications
Executive function
Academic skills
Social complications

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30
Q

Anterior Part of Neural Tube (3)

A

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

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31
Q

Interior of Neural Tube

A

Fluid filled central cavities
Central Canal of the spine

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32
Q

Prosencephalon

A
  • become the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, and the olfactory bulb
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33
Q

What vesicles further divide to form secondary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon

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34
Q

Derived Brain Structures of Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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35
Q

telencaphlon cavity

A

Lateral ventricles

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36
Q

Derived Structures of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, eye, cerebral peduncles, quadrigeminal plate)

37
Q

Diencaphlon cavity

A

Third ventricle

38
Q

Derived Brain Structures Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum

39
Q

Metencaphlon, Myelencephalon cavity

A

Fourth ventricle

40
Q

Derived Brain Structure and Cavities Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata + Fourth ventricle

41
Q

Cervical Flexure

A

The junction between the hindbrain and the spinal cord

42
Q

Cephalic Flexure

A

Flexure is in the midbrain.

43
Q

Pontine Flexure

A

Forms the boundary between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon.

44
Q

What do you need to execute gene function?

A

Transcription factors

45
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.

46
Q

What does a way a gene is read and at what time depend on?

A

What type of transcription factors are available at a particular time and has access to a particular gene

47
Q

Enhancers

A

Activate transcription factors

48
Q

Promotor

A

Region of DNA where transcription of a gene is initiated

49
Q

Hox Genes

A

Group of relate genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals

50
Q

Where are hox genes located in most animals, including humans?

A

Follows the 3′-to-5′ orientation of these
genes on their respective chromosomes

51
Q

How are hox genes positioned?

A

Anterior-to-posterior

52
Q

Protein phosphorylation

A

Important cellular regulatory mechanism as many enzymes and receptors are activated/deactivated by phosphorylation

53
Q

Cell impermeant Molecules

A

Molecules that are unable to cross the lipid bilayer plasma membrane and must therefore bind to extracellular receptors (interact with transmembrane receptors)

54
Q

How are hox genes turned on?

A

By a cascade of regulatory genes; the proteins encoded by early genes regulate the expression of later genes.

55
Q

Three Steps of Primary Neuralation

A

1) Formation/shaping of the neural plate;
2) Bending of neural plate to form the neural groove;
3) Closure of the neural tube

56
Q

What structures do primary and secondary neurulation form?

A

Primary- cranial structures
Secondary= caudal structures

57
Q

How does primary vs secondary neuralation occur

A

primary= anterior to posterior (rostral- caudal)

secondary = posterior

58
Q

What is primary neuralation

A

Process by which the neural tube, the precursor of the brain and spinal cord, is shaped from the neural plate

59
Q

What is secondary neurulation

A

The neural ectoderm cells hollow out to form the neural tube.

60
Q

Steps of Secondary Neurulation

A

1) Neural ectoderm and some cells from the ectoderm form the medullary cord

2) The medullary cord condenses, separates and then forms cavities

3) These cavities then merge to form a single tube

4) Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation eventually connect at around the sixth week of development

61
Q

What does primary neurulation occur in response to?

A

Soluble growth factors secreted by the notochord

62
Q

How do the shape of cells changes during primary neurulation?

A

The cells of the neural plate are signaled to become high-columnar, move laterally and away from the central axis

63
Q

How does the notochord play an important role during development?

A

Serves as a midline tissue that provides directional signals to surrounding tissue during development,

64
Q

What will non-ectoderm tissue form into?

A

Mesoderm surrounding the notochord at the sides will develop into somite (future muscles, bones, and contributes to the formation of limbs of the vertebrate)

65
Q

Reelin

A

Gene that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions.

66
Q

Gila Endfoot

A
  • Releases soluble factor reelin which creates a gradient and the neurons have several receptors to read info about how much reelin is aviable and will go for max contact with reelin
  • They will climb for as a long as they can find rln
67
Q

How is Reelin Mutation Caused?

A

The signaling pathway that triggers neuronal migration is not activated

68
Q

What happens without reelin?

A

Neurons are disorganized, the normal folds and grooves of the brain do not form, and brain structures do not develop properly.

69
Q

Lissencephaly

A

Smooth brain that has an absence of folds, caused neuron migration being disturbed

70
Q

Dysfunction of sonic hedhog

A

no separation of hemispheres, affects internal formation and how skull is formed and eye
- look like cyclops

71
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Undifferentiated cells (neural stem and progenitor ) undergo mitotic division to produce either new stem cells or neuroblasts that will eventually differentiate into neurons

72
Q

What signals do the roof and floorplate send out?

A
  • signals to instruct the neurons along the newly forming neural tube and spinal cord
73
Q

How does cell migration play a role in the developing cortex?

A

Cell migration has an essential role in the developing cerebral cortex because all neurons that eventually populate the six-layered cerebral cortex and other brain regions undergo mitosis in distant areas and then migrate great distances to achieve final positioning.

74
Q

Cell Impermanent Molecules

A

Molecules that are unable to cross the lipid bilayer plasma membrane and must therefore bind to extracellular receptors (interact with transmembrane receptors)

75
Q

Cell Permeant Molecules:

A

Molecules that are relatively insoluble and are able to cross the lipid bilayer plasma membrane to bind to intercellular receptors
- These intercellular receptors will cross into the nucleus through one of the nuclear pores

76
Q

What happens once the intercellular receptors cross into the nucleus?

A

-Activate transcription programs and bind to promotor activating genes

77
Q

Cell Associated Molecules

A

Exposed at the cell surface and they can bind to another protein which is coming from the other side and by doing so they can activate receptors on the other side and initiating signaling pathways

78
Q

Difference between an indirect vs direct soluble factor

A

Indirect soluble factor requires a receptor in between

79
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Retinoic Acid

A

Soluble Factor & Direct
- RA cross the membrane and active R.A binding proteins directly which can activate transcription

80
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)

A

Soluble factor and receptor kinase
- soluble factor finds a specific partner (receptor) and initiates a specific pathway

81
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)

A

Soluble factor and receptor kinase (indirect)
- BMP is released into extracellular space by exocytosis, it has to bind to the serine kinase and activate a signalling pathway

82
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Non- Canonical Wnt

A

Soluble factor and receptor signaling pathway
- Here Wnt ligands activate receptor proteins (Frizzled), or binds to orphan receptor tyrosine kinase, leading to the activation of a signaling pathway

83
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Canonical Wnt

A

Soluble factor and receptor signaling pathway

84
Q

Major Inductive Signaling Pathway: Sonic Hedge

A

Soluble factor & receptor with adaptor protein
- Sonic hedhog doesn’t interact with the receptor but it has a protein complex that interacts with the patch protein
- The patched protein itself cannot trigger a signal, it requires another protein which is recruited upon activation
- Then you get activation of a signalling protein

85
Q

Steps of Neurogenesis (2)

A

1) The cells undergo a type of pattern as they progress through the mitotic cycle, eventually the dividing precursor cells from a closely packed layer of cells called the ventricular zone

2) Some cells leave the ventricular zone and form the marginal zone, later an intermediate zone develops

86
Q

What type of cells are formed in the intermediate zone?

A

Neurons and radial gila

87
Q

Cell migration

A

The movement of cells (which are being formed during the ongoing process of neurogenesis) along the radial glia toward the marginal zone from the ventricular zone

88
Q

Radial gila

A

Allow cells which are formed in the ventricular zone to climb upwards towards the cortical plate

89
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Neurons differentiate into specific neurons and glial cells

NRSC2000 (13 decks)

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