Chemical Senses

Question 1

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 1

receive information about smells from the nose and send it to the brain by way of the olfactory tracts.

Question 2

Cribriform Plate

Answer 2

Allows the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb?

Question 3

Olfactory Epithleium

Answer 3

Specialized tissue lining the nasal cavity (superior sinuses) contains olfactory receptor neurons and supporting cells that ultimately result in the conscious sense of smell

Question 4

Pathway of Olfactory System

Answer 4

1) Olfactory receptors form the olfactory nerve and these axons extend to the olfactory bulb and merge to form the olfactory tract
2) The olfactory tract will project to different target regions which send information to other areas of the brain

Question 5

Where does the pyriform cortex project and amygdala project?

Answer 5

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 6

Where does ethnocritical cortex take this info into?

Answer 6

The hippocampal formation

Question 7

Where does the olfactory tubercle project into?

Answer 7

Orbitofrontal cortex via the thalamus

Question 8

Vomeronasal system

Answer 8

Chemosensory pathway is specific for detecting reproductive and social chemicals (pheromones)?

Question 9

Although humans do not have vomeronasal organs, exposure to ______-like compounds can elicit different patterns of hypothalamic activation between males and females.

Answer 9

androgens and estrogen

Question 10

Bowman’s Glands

Answer 10

Secretory cells distributed throughout the olfactory epithelium produce mucus that line the nasal cavity and protect exposed receptor neurons and supporting

Question 11

What are olfacfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are generated continuously from?

Answer 11

Stem cells maintained among the basal cells of the olfactory epithelium

Question 12

Odor transduction in the olfactory epithelium begins with?

Answer 12

Odorant presented to the cilia of an isolated olfactory receptor neuron elicit a robust electrical response; those presented to the cell body do not.)

Question 13

Steps of Odor Transduction

Answer 13

1) Membrane receptors that bind to G proteins
2) Specific set of small G proteins that bind to receptors
3) G proteins initiate signalling cascade, requiring energy GTP that activates Adenyl cyclase III and then a second messenger that activate sodium calcium channels which are either cyclic ADMP gated
3) These channels in turn activate a number of other channels which can either release chloride or can transport sodium

Question 14

Five Layers of Olfactory Bulb

Answer 14

1) Glomerlus
2) External Plexiform Layer
3) Mitral Cell Layer
4) Internal Plexiform Layer
5) Granule Cell Layer

Question 15

Glomerulus Layer

Answer 15

Here synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells.

Question 16

External Plexiform Layer

Answer 16

Made up of lateral dendrites of mitral cells, cell bodies and lateral dendrites of tufted cells, and dendrites of granule cells that make dendritic synapses with the other dendritic elements.

Question 17

Mitral Cell Layer

Answer 17

Defined by the cell bodies of mitral cells, and mitral cell axons are found in the internal plexiform layer

Question 18

Granule Cell Layers

Answer 18

granule cell bodies are densely packed into the granule cell layer.

Question 19

Insular Cortex

Answer 19

Processing of taste info occurs

Question 20

Basic Pathway of Human Taste System

Answer 20

1) Taste buds
2) Nucleus of solidary tract
3) Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPN)
4) insular and frontal taste cortices
5) Hypothalamus and Amgydala

Question 21

Where are taste buds located on the papilla?

Answer 21

Lateral side

Question 22

Papillae

Answer 22

tiny raised bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds.

Question 23

Two types of papillae:

Answer 23

fungiform and foliate

Question 24

Trench (taste)

Answer 24

Taste info will be relayed to taste buds

Question 25

What is located in the apical domain (taste)?

Answer 25

Ion channels can taste sour taste (salts)

Question 26

The depolarization of the basal domain opens up?

Answer 26

• Opens up a variety of diff channels which are causing of influx/efflux of ions depending on what type of channel it is
• Overall, there is activation, depoarlziaton of neuron and influx of intercellular calcium, leading to release or neurotransmitters and this activates specific seraonin receptors and an action potential generated

Question 27

What tastes activate G-protein coupled receptors?

Answer 27

sweet, bitter, umami

Question 28

What tastes is the tip of the tongue most responsive to?

Answer 28

sweet, umami, salty

Question 29

What tastes are the back and sides of the tongue most responsive to?

Answer 29

Sour and bitter

Question 30

What family of voltage-regulated ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of taste cells?

Answer 30

transient receptor potential (TRP channels)