Anatomy of the Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards
What does the central nervous system contain?
Brain, spinal cord
Three Components of the Central Nervous System
1) Sensory Organs
2) External signals (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch temperature)
3) Internal Signals (internal temperature,blood pressure,oxygenation and more
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of the nervous system that controls muscles of internal organs (such as the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and intestines) and glands (such as salivary glands and sweat glands)
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract
Structures of the Central Nervous System (4 points)
1) Cerebral hemispheres
2) Diencephalon: Connects the midbrain to the forebrain. Located deep within the brain and comprises the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus
3) Cerebellam
4) Brain stem, spinal cord
Diencephalon
Connects the midbrain to the forebrain. Located deep within the brain and comprises the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus
What does the central nervous system do?
Analysis and integration of sensory and motor information
Sensory Ganglia
Collection of cell bodies of neurons outside the CNS that transmit sensory impulses to and from the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
Transmit information gained by our senses to the CNS
What are the two types of motor components in the PNS?
1) Visceral Motor System (ANS)
2) Somatic Motor System
Visceral Motor System( ANS)
Controls involuntary functions regulated by the activity of smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and glands
What do motor nerves do?
Carry info from the CNS to outer parts of the body
What are effectors and examples of them?
An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus
Examples: Smooth muscles, glands, cardiac muscles, skeletal stride muscles
Pathway of Information to the Central Nervous System
Internal and external environment, sensory components send information to the central nervous system
Pathway of Information from the Central Nervous System
Central nervous system sends information to motor components, and then effectors respond to the stimulus
Function of the Frontal Lobe
Higher level executive functions, like attention, critical thinking, and impulse control, emotion, social interaction
Primary Motor Cortex
Responsible for the control of voluntary movement and is located in the Precentral gyrus
Parietal Lobe
Processes sensory information it receives from the outside world (touch,taste, temperature, pain)
What is located in the parietal lobe?
Postcentral gyrus
Central Sulcus
Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral Fissure
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Temporal Lobe
Processing affects/emotions, language, memory, perception and auditory processing information
What structures are found deep in the temporal lobe?
Hippocampus and Amygdala
Occipital Lobe
Processing visual information
Cerebellum
- Lower part of the brain
- Function: Regulation and control of movement and cognitive functions like lanuage processing and memory
Where is the brain stem located?
- Located between the cerebrum and spinal cord
Brain stem function
- Regulating critical functions like heart rate, breathing, and sleep
Spinal Cord
Responsible for receiving sensory information from the body and sending motor information to the body
DORSAL VIEW: Longitude Fissure
Separates the two cerebral hemispheres
VENTRAL VIEW: Optic Chiasm
To ensure that visual signals go to both hemispheres of brain
VENTRAL VIEW: Mamillary Body
Small round bodies that play a role in recollective memory
VENTRAL VIEW: Olfactory tract
Leads out to the olfactory bulb, which connects to the olfactory nerve
VENTRAL VIEW: Parahippocampal Gyrus
Surrounds the hippocampus and plays a role in memory encoding and retrieval
VENTRAL VIEW: Inferior Olive
Functions as a relay between the spinal cord and cerebellum
VENTRAL VIEW: Pons
Responsible for unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing
VENTRAL VIEW: Pituitary Stalk
Allows for hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be sent to the posterior pituitary for release into the bloodstream
VENTRAL VIEW: Olfactory Tract
Transmits olfactory sensations to the brain for processing
Corpus Callosum
Communication gateway between hemispheres/connects areas of similar function
LATERAL VIEW: Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Separating the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes
LATERAL VIEW: Preoccipital Notch
Landmark because the occipital lobe is located behind it
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Cranial and spinal nerves (remember cranial nerves derive from the brain so that are considered part of the central nervous system)
Somatic Motor System
controls voluntary movement
What Structures do you see in the dorsal view? (6)
1) longitude fissure
2) precentral gyrus
3) central sulcus
4) left cerebral hemisphere
5) right cerebral hemisphere
6) post central gyrus
Hypothalamus
Involved in eating, drinking, temperature regulation. sex drive (maintain body’s internal balance)
Anterior Commisure
connects the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain
Basal Ganglia
Processing movement related information
What structures does the basal ganglia involve?
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
Surface Anatomy of Brainstem: Midbrain
motor movement, movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
Surface Anatomy of Brainstem: Medulla Oblogonta
Helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.
Describe the organization of the ventral view of the brainstem?
Midline to lateral organization
What is the structural organization of nerves of the brainstem in the ventral view?
- Sensory cranial nerves
2.Motor cranial nerves
3, Mixed (sensory and motor)
Describe the organization of the dorsal view?
Top to bottom
Different categories of organization for dorsal view?
1)Somatic Motor
2)Branchial Motor
3) Visceral Motor
4) General Sensory
5) Special Sensory
6) Visceral Sensory
Describe how the internal brainstem is organized?
Top to bottom
Nuclei in the _____ are involved in how we control skeletal muscle
Midbrain
Nuclei in the _____ assist in the function of the autonomic nervous system
Pons
Nuclei in the _____ control how smooth muscles are innovated
Lower Pons
Four Parts of the Spine
1)Cervical
2)Thoracic
3) Lumber
4) Sacral
In cortical areas where is grey matter and white matter?
Grey matter is outside and white matter is inside
Internal Structure of Spinal Cord, where is grey and white matter?
Grey matter is inside and white matter is outside
What can be found in grey matter?
Neurons
What can be found in white matter?
Ascending and Descending fibers are in white matter
Dermatomes
Areas of skin that send signals to the brain through the spinal nerves
Where are motor nerves located?
In the CNS, spinal cord