Neurocognitive Flashcards
definition of delirium
acute decline of LOC and cognition w/ particular impairment in attention
onset/course of delirium
sudden onset, brief fluctuating course, rapid resolution once cause is treated
9 subcategories of dementia (NCD)
-Alzheimer’s
-vascular
-HIV
-TBI
-frontotemporal
-Prion disease
-Substance-induced
-multiple etiologies
-unspecified
4 categories of cognition
-memory
-visuospatial/construction abilities
-reading/writing/math
-abstraction ability
common neurological s/s of delirium
tremor
asterixis
nystagmus
incoordination
incontinence
what is the primary neurotransmitter involved in delirium
acetylcholine
beclouded dementia
delirium in a dementia patient
how do you differentiate delirium from schizophrenia
schizophrenia:
-delusions/hallucinations are more constant and better organized.
-usually no change in LOC/orientation
what increases recovery time from delirium
lengthier delirium
older patient
delirium recall
spotty, like a dream or a nightmare
what are the 3 aspects of delirium that may require medication
psychosis
agitation
insomnia
what antipsychotic is not appropriate for delirium and why
ziprasidone as it can be activating
when in delirium can use benzodiazepines
alcohol-induced delirium
other types they may worsen confusion
what medication is approved for parkinson’s psychosis
pimavanserin
which dementias have an insidious onset
Alzheimer’s, vascular, endocrinopathies, brain tumors, metabolic disorders
which dementia have rapid onset
head trauma, cardiac arrest, stroke, encephalitis
what are the cholinesterase inhibitors
donepezil (Aricept)
rivastigmine (exelon)
galantamine (Razadyne)
Tacrine
How do cholinesterase inhibitors work
reduce the inactivation of acetylcholine which increases its cholinergic effects to cause modest improvement in memory
how does memantine (Namenda) work
protects neurons from cytotoxic excessive glutamate
which cholinesterase inhibitor is best tiolerated
donepezil
what are the two most common types of dementia
Alzheimers followed by vascular
what neurotransmitters are hypoactive in dementia
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
which enzymes are decreased in dementia and what do the do
choline acetyltransferase which is critical for acetylcholine synthesis
what neuroactive peptides are decreased in dementia
somatostatin and corticotropin
what is the dementia that was recently discovered and what is the typical age of onset
familial multiple system tauopathy
onset in 40-50s
what can be a differentiating factor between Alzheimer’s and frontotemporal dementia
in early stages, there are more behavioral sx in frontotemporal and cognition is better preserved
what is a differentiating factor between Alzheimer’s and Lewy body dementia
Lewy body commonly presents with hallucinations, parkinsonian sx, and EPS s/s
differentiating factors between Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s dementia
Huntington’s has more motor sx and memory/language/insight remains intact in early phases
anterograde amnesia
inability to learn new things
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall previously learned information
what is an amnestic disorder
neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
what are some medical conditions that can cause amnestic disorders
cerebrovascular disease
MS
Korsakoff syndrome
Alcoholic blackouts
ECT
Head injury
transient global amnesia
what causes korsakoff syndrome
thiamine deficiency usually seen in alcoholics
definition of transient global amnesia
abrupt loss of ability to recall recent events or learn new information