Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Meds > Neurocognitive > Flashcards

Neurocognitive Flashcards

1
Q

definition of delirium

A

acute decline of LOC and cognition w/ particular impairment in attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

onset/course of delirium

A

sudden onset, brief fluctuating course, rapid resolution once cause is treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

9 subcategories of dementia (NCD)

A

-Alzheimer’s
-vascular
-HIV
-TBI
-frontotemporal
-Prion disease
-Substance-induced
-multiple etiologies
-unspecified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 categories of cognition

A

-memory
-visuospatial/construction abilities
-reading/writing/math
-abstraction ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common neurological s/s of delirium

A

tremor
asterixis
nystagmus
incoordination
incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter involved in delirium

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

beclouded dementia

A

delirium in a dementia patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do you differentiate delirium from schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia:
-delusions/hallucinations are more constant and better organized.
-usually no change in LOC/orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what increases recovery time from delirium

A

lengthier delirium
older patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

delirium recall

A

spotty, like a dream or a nightmare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 aspects of delirium that may require medication

A

psychosis
agitation
insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what antipsychotic is not appropriate for delirium and why

A

ziprasidone as it can be activating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when in delirium can use benzodiazepines

A

alcohol-induced delirium
other types they may worsen confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what medication is approved for parkinson’s psychosis

A

pimavanserin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which dementias have an insidious onset

A

Alzheimer’s, vascular, endocrinopathies, brain tumors, metabolic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which dementia have rapid onset

A

head trauma, cardiac arrest, stroke, encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the cholinesterase inhibitors

A

donepezil (Aricept)
rivastigmine (exelon)
galantamine (Razadyne)
Tacrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do cholinesterase inhibitors work

A

reduce the inactivation of acetylcholine which increases its cholinergic effects to cause modest improvement in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does memantine (Namenda) work

A

protects neurons from cytotoxic excessive glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which cholinesterase inhibitor is best tiolerated

A

donepezil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the two most common types of dementia

A

Alzheimers followed by vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what neurotransmitters are hypoactive in dementia

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which enzymes are decreased in dementia and what do the do

A

choline acetyltransferase which is critical for acetylcholine synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what neuroactive peptides are decreased in dementia

A

somatostatin and corticotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the dementia that was recently discovered and what is the typical age of onset
familial multiple system tauopathy onset in 40-50s
26
what can be a differentiating factor between Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia
in early stages, there are more behavioral sx in frontotemporal and cognition is better preserved
27
what is a differentiating factor between Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementia
Lewy body commonly presents with hallucinations, parkinsonian sx, and EPS s/s
28
differentiating factors between Alzheimer's and Huntington's dementia
Huntington's has more motor sx and memory/language/insight remains intact in early phases
29
anterograde amnesia
inability to learn new things
30
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall previously learned information
31
what is an amnestic disorder
neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition
32
what are some medical conditions that can cause amnestic disorders
cerebrovascular disease MS Korsakoff syndrome Alcoholic blackouts ECT Head injury transient global amnesia
33
what causes korsakoff syndrome
thiamine deficiency usually seen in alcoholics
34
definition of transient global amnesia
abrupt loss of ability to recall recent events or learn new information
35
what causes seizures
excessive and spontaneous neural firing
36
what are the types of general seizures
tonic-clonic absence
37
what are the types of partial seizures
simple complex
38
characteristics of absence seizures
no convulsions lose touch w/ reality but not consciousness
39
when do absence seizures usually develop
between 5-7 and often disappear with puberty
40
what is the difference between general and partial seizures
general involves entire brain and partial involves a focal region
41
main characteristic of simple partial seizure
no alteration of consciousness
42
main characteristic of complex partial seizure
alteration in consciousness
43
what is the most common form of epilepsy in adults
complex partial
44
autonomic sensations of the preictal state
stomach full, blushing, change in respiration
45
cognitive sensations of preictal state
deja-vu forced thinking dreamy state
46
affective symptoms of preictal state
fear panic depression elation
47
automatisms of preictal state
lip-smacking, rubbing, chewing
48
what are some symptoms of interictal state
personality disturbance psychotic symptoms violence mood disorder symptoms
49
what should be done about seizure patients who develop new psychiatric symptoms
evaluation of seizure control eval for other psych sx
50
what are some sx that should cause a suspicion of epilepst
abrupt psychosis in healthy person abrupt delirium w/o a cause hx of similar episodes w/ abrupt onset and recovery hx of unexplained falls/fainting
51
first line tx for tonic-clonic seizures
valproate and phenytoin
52
first line for partial seizures
carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin
53
first line for absence seizures
ethosuximide and valproate
54
demyelinating disorders that can cause neurocognitive sx
MS ALS
55
infectious diseases that can cause neurocognitive sx
herpes simplex encephalitis rabies encephalitis neurosyphilis chronic meningitis subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Lyme disease prion disease
56
signs of Lyme disease
bullseye rash at bite site followed by flu-like symptoms
57
what causes prion diseases
transmission of infectious protein called prion
58
types of prion diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease variant CJD (mad cow disease) Kuru Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker fatal familiar insomnia
59
when can you break confidentiality with an HIV patient
if you know they are putting others at risk
60
what does development of dementia in an HIV patient mean
typically death in 6 months
61
different course for AIDS mania
cognitive slowing/dementia more irritable than euphoric severe presentation malignant course chronic with infrequent remissions
62
endocrine disorders that can cause neurocognitive sx
thyroid disorders parathyroid disorders adrenal disorders pituitary disorders
63
disorder of adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease
64
disorder of adrenal excess
Cushing syndrome
65
metabolic disorders with neurocognitive symptoms
hepatic encephalopathy uremic encephalopathy hypoglycemia encephalopathy diabetic ketoacidosis acute intermittent porphyria
66
nutritional disorders that can cause neurocognitive symptoms
niacin deficiency thiamine deficiency cobalamin deficiency
67
toxins that cause neurocognitive symptoms
mercury lead manganese arsenic
68
only drug approved for moderate-severe dementia
memantine
69
donepezil peak concentration, half-life, and steady state
peak concentration: 3-4 hours Half-life: 70 hours steady state: 2 weeks
70
rivastigmine peak concentration, half-life
peak concentration: 1 hour half-life: 1 hour
71
why can rivastigmine be dosed BID if half-life is only 1 hour
it remains bound to cholinesterase so dose is therapeutic for 10 hours
72
galantamine peak concentration, half-life
peak concentration: 30min-1 hour half-life: 6 hours
73
what SSRI should you not use with cholinesterase inhibitors and why
paroxetine because it's the one with the most anticholinergic properties
74
what decreases concentration of donepezil by increasing metabolism
dilantin, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, rifampin, and phenobarbital
75
what increases the concentration of donepezil
paroxetine, ketoconazole, erythromycin
76
drug interactions for rivastigmine
none because it is relatively unbound
77
dosage for donepezil
initial 5mg and increase to 10mh in 4 weeks
78
food with donepezil
w/ or w/o food
79
dosage for rivastigmine
initial 1.5mg BID x 2weeks then increase by 1.5mg every 2 weeks to 6mg in divided doses (3mg BID)
80
food with rivastigmine
yes to lessen GI side effects
81
dosage for galantamine
start 8mg daily x4 weeks and can raise every 4 weeks target dose 16-32mf in divided doses
82
memantine peak concentration and half-life
peak concentration: 3-7 hours half-life: 60-80 hours
83
what other drugs are eliminated by tubular secretion that can interfere with concentrations of memantine
HCTZ triamterene (Dyrenium) cimetadine (tagamet) ranitidine (Zantac) quinidine nicotine
84
what happen to memantine in an alkaline urine environment (pH8)
clearance is reduced so concentration may increase
85
dosage of memantine
start 5mg daily and increase by 5mg weekly to 20mg
86
how often do you dose memantine
once daily at 5mg any dose above 5mg should be BID

Meds (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions