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MD4001 Anatomy > Neuroanatomy (revision) > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy (revision) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the horns of the grey matter and what is contained within them?

A

H-shaped, contains neuron cell bodies within ‘horns’

  • Dorsal/posterior horns -> cells bodies of interneurons
  • Lateral horns -> visceral (autonomic) motor cell bodies (T1-L2 segments)
  • Ventral/anterior horns -> somatic motor cell bodies
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2
Q

What is contained in white matter?

A

Columns containing a number of ascending and descending tracts (axons). All tracts are paired and some decussate

  • Ventral (ant) columns
  • Lateral columns
  • Dorsal (posterior) columns
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3
Q

What nuclei are located in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Sensory afferent fibre’s nuclei

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4
Q

Where is the DRG found?

A

Posterior to the dorsal spinal nerve

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5
Q

What is the spinal nerve?

A
  • Mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
  • Located in intervertebral foramen
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6
Q

What kind of fibres are located in the ventral/anterior root?

A

Motor

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7
Q

What fibres do anterior and posterior branches of the spinal nerve carry?

A

Motor and sensory

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8
Q

How do nerve fibres exit from the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Above their respective vertebrae
  • 1st spinal nerve passes above C1
  • C8 nerve passes below C7 and above T1 as their is no 8th cervical vertebra
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9
Q

What bone can be considered C0?

A

Occipital bone

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10
Q

What fibres are carried by C1 nerve?

A

Motor only (supply neck muscles)

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2 (females thought to be body of L2)

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12
Q

In what region do spinal nerves not form plexuses?

A

Thoracic region (not T1)

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13
Q

Where are the sympathetic cell bodieslocated?

A
  • Lateral horn of T1-L2 segments
  • Postganglionic cell bodies lie in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
  • Ganglia interconnected -> sympathetic chain
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14
Q

Where are parasympathetic cell bodies found?

A

Midbrain and S2-4 segments

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15
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

Where LandR sympathetic chains join, just anterior to coccyx

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16
Q

WHat is there more of; sympathetic ganglion or vertebrae?

A

More vertebrae as some sympathetic ganglions merge

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17
Q

What is the superior cervical ganglion composed of?

A

C1-4 sympathetic ganglia

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18
Q

What is the middle cervical ganglion composed of?

A

C5-6

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19
Q

What is the inferior cervical ganglion composed of?

A

C7-8

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20
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A
  • C7-T1 (inf cervical + T1)

- AKA Cervicothoracic ganglion

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21
Q

What do sympathetics enter the sympathetic chain via?

A

The white ramus communicantes (WRC)

22
Q

What do sympathetics leave the sympathetic chain via?

A

Grey ramus communicantes (GRC)

23
Q

Where does the heart receive its sympathetics from?

A

Cervical ganglia (as heart develops in neck)

24
Q

In what region are there no WRC?

A

Cervical (as the fibres need to travel up)

25
Q

What does cholonergic mean?

A

capable of producing, altering, or releasing acetylcholine, or butyrylcholine (“indirect-acting”), or mimicking their behaviours at one or more of the body’s acetylcholine receptor (“direct-acting”) or butyrylcholine receptor types (“direct-acting”)

26
Q

In what direction does grey matter “open up”?

A

Dorsally

27
Q

Where are the somatic neurone located?

A

The ends (between the 2 are the visceral)

28
Q

If a patient has a problem with their motor system but not their sensory where would you think the lesion/problem took place?

A

Near midline

29
Q

Where do peripheral nerves exit the spine?

A

Through intervertebral foramen

30
Q

What is the segment for the knee reflex?

A

L3/4

31
Q

What is the segment for ankle reflex?

A

S1

32
Q

How do you test L5

A

Ask the patient to extent their big toe against resistance

33
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia

34
Q

Where is CSF found between the meninges?

A

Arachnoid and pia (subarachnoid space)

35
Q

What is the space called between arachnoid and dura?

A

Subdural space

36
Q

What is the space called outside the dura?

A

Epidural space

37
Q

What is the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

A
  • 2 post spinal arteries
  • 1 ant spinal artery
  • Radicular arteries reinforce these (come from spinal arteries and therefore intercostal)
  • Great anterior medullary artery of Adamkiewicz arises from aorta in lower thoracic or upper lumbar vertebral levels (major source of blood for lower 2/3s of spinal cord)
38
Q

Where does the internal vertebral venous plexus (ant and post.) lie?

A

In the epidural/extradural space (between dura and vertebrae)

39
Q

What does the internal vertebral venous plexus communicate with?

A

Cranial dural venous sinuses and pelvic veins -> spread of infection and metastasis
- Also do not have valves and pressure gradients permit blood flow

40
Q

In what direction does the nucleus pulposus herniate?

A

Posterolaterally

41
Q

What is another type of injury to the spinal nerve?

A

Bone spurs (cracking back)

42
Q

What is included in the dorsal column?

A
  • Fasiculus gracilis

- Fasiculus cuneatus

43
Q

WHITE MATTER TRACTS

A

LEARN

44
Q

What do sensory temperature fibres move up the spinal cord via

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

45
Q

What sense goes to the cortex first then the thalamus?

A

Smell (all others go thalamus first)

46
Q

WHere are LMN bodies found?

A

Anterior horn

47
Q

Where do the UMN descend?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

48
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

Araqchnoid granulations to dural sinuses

49
Q

Where are dural sinuses located in meninges?

A

Between meningeal and periosteal lyers of dura. Then internal jugular and heart

50
Q

What are the 4 vessels which supply the brain?

A
  • Internal carotid arteries (anterior)

- Vertebral arteries (posterior part)

MD4001 Anatomy (7 decks)

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