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MD4001 Anatomy > Cranial nerves: parasympathetic function > Flashcards

Cranial nerves: parasympathetic function Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerves have a parasympathetic function|?

A

3, 7, 9 and 10

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2
Q

What do sympathetic preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk via?

A

White ramus communicantes (WRC)

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3
Q

What do postanganglionic sympathetic fibres exit the sympathetic cord via?

A

Form the grey ramus communicantes that joins a spinal nerve in which it is distributed to the body wall

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4
Q

What does each sympathetic trunk extend between?

A

The atlas and coccyx

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5
Q

What do the 2 sympathetic trunks fuse to form?

A

The ganglion impar (opposite the coccyx)

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6
Q

What are the sympathetic cervical ganglia?

A
  • Superior (C1-4)
  • Middle (C5-6)
  • Inferior (C7-8) cervical ganglia
  • Stellate ganglion(cervicothoracic) -> Inferior cervical + T1
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7
Q

What make up the cervicothoracic/stellate ganglion?

A

C7-T1 cervical ganglia (inferior cervical + T1)

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8
Q

Where do sympathetics reaching the eye originate?

A

T1-2 ciliospinal centre

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9
Q

Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons to the eye synapse?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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10
Q

What do post-gnaglionic sympathetic fibres to the eyes form a plexus around?

A

Internal carotid artery (enter into cranial cavity through this road - they then hitchhike with cranial nerves and their branches)

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11
Q

Sympathetics which go to Dilator papilla muscle are carried by what nerve?

A

Nasociliary nerve -> long ciliary nerve

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12
Q

What is the nasociliary nerve a branch of?

A

Opthalmic nerve

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13
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of HOrner’s syndrome?

A
  • Ptosis - drooping of upper eyelid
  • Pupillary constriction (miosis)
  • Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
  • Flushing of the face
    Results of unapposed parasympathetic activity
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15
Q

How many neurons are in the parasympathetic chain?

A

2 neuron chain

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16
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic neurons in the CNS synapse?

A

In a ganglion with a post-ganglionic neuron

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17
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the organ -> long pre-synaptic fibres and short post-synaptic fibres

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18
Q

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic output?

A
  • CN III - Oculomotor
  • CN VII - Facial
  • CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
  • CN X - Vagus
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19
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic fibres from cranial nerves?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Lacrimal glands
  • Certain structures in eye
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20
Q

What is the nucelus for the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • Autonomic nucleus (Edinger-Westphall)

- Midbrain

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21
Q

Where does the autonomic nucleus receive afferents from?

A
  • Receives afferents from cortex and pretectal nucleus, bilaterally
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22
Q

Where does oculomotor nerve travel?

A
  • Lateral wall of cavernous sinus (with motor fibres)

- Pass through superior orbital fissure and enter orbit

23
Q

In the orbit what does the oculomotor nerve divide into?

A
  • Superior and inferior divisions pass through common tendinous ring of Zinn but only inferior division contain parasympathetics
24
Q

What does the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve contain?

A

Motor fibres from oculomotor nucleus + sympathetic fibres from superior cervical ganglion to levator palpebra superioris

25
Q

What does the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve contain?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

26
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve synapse?

A

Ciliary ganglion

27
Q

What do postsynaptic oculomotor nerve fibres join?

A

Short ciliary nerves

28
Q

What do short ciliary nerves run alongside?

A

Long ciliary nerves and ciliary artery

29
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A
  • Ciliary muscle

- Sphincter pupilla

30
Q

What is the lamina cribrosa sclerae?

A

Mesh like structure on the posterior aspect of eyeball around optic nerve. Arteries and veins pierce this area

31
Q

What reflex can test the function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Light reflex

32
Q

What is the consensual light reflex?

A

Light that is directed in one eye produces pupil constriction in both eyes

33
Q

What is the pretectal nucleus connected to and how does this relate to the consensual light reflex ?

A
  • Certain optic nerve fibres terminate on pretectal nucleus
  • Pretectal nucleus then connects to parasympathetic nucleus of oculomotor (edinger-Westphal) on both sides
  • Allows for constiction in both eyes by parasympathetic fibres reaching both ciliary ganglia and both short ciliary nerves
  • Will cause pupillary constrictor muscle to contract on both sides
34
Q

What does injury to the oculomotor nerve result in?

A
  • No parasympathetic input for pupil constriction -> dilated pupil
  • Loss of motor innervation to levator palpebrae superioris -> Ptosis
  • Loss of motor innervation to extraocular muscles except superior oblique (trochlear nerve) and lateral rectus (abducent nerve) -> eye turns downwards and outwards
35
Q

Where do the parasympathetic secretorymotor fibres of the facial nerve go to?

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Glands in nasal and oral cavities
  • Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
36
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve originate?

A

Superior salivatory nucleus in pons

37
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the brainstem?

A

Pontocerebellar angle

38
Q

What nerve contains sensory and parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve?

A

Nervus Intermedius

39
Q

What does the facial nerve give off at its genu?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

40
Q

What does the greater petrosal nerve join with to make the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

Deep petrosal nerve (joins in foramen lacerum)

41
Q

Where do the nerve of the pterygoid canal parasympathetic fibres synapse?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

42
Q

What nerves do the post-ganglionic parasympathetics of the facial nerve join?

A

The zygomtic branch of the maxillary and the lacrimal branch of the opthalmic

43
Q

What ganglion is irrated in hay fever?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

44
Q

What nerve carries the parasympathetic, secretomotor supply to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Lingual nerve (branch of mandibular) carries the parasympathetic facial nerve fibres. Submandibular ganglion hangs from it

45
Q

What gland(s) does the facial nerve supply?

A

Submandibular and sublingual

46
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal parasympathetic nucleus called?

A

Inferior salvitory nucleus

47
Q

Where is the inferior salvitory nucleus located?

A

Medulla

48
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial cavity via?

A

Jugular foramen

49
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve give off its tympanic branch?

A

Inferior to the jugular foramen

50
Q

What does the tympanic branch enter the middle ear cavity through?

A

Inferior tympanic caniliculus - forms tympanic plexus in tympanic cavity

51
Q

What is the lesser petrosal nerve a branch of?

A

Tympanic plexus

52
Q

What does the lesser petrosal nerve synapse with?

A

Post-ganglionic fibres at otic ganglion which make parotid branches of auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)

53
Q

What is the parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus?

A

Dorsal nucleus of vagus (not shared with any other cranial nerve) located in medulla

MD4001 Anatomy (7 decks)

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