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MD4001 Anatomy > Anatomy and Function of Hearing, Smell and Taste > Flashcards

Anatomy and Function of Hearing, Smell and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

What does the frequency of the sound waves equate to?

A

The pitch of the sound

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2
Q

What does the amplitude of the sound waves relate to?

A

The intensity of the sound (loudness)

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3
Q

What is the tympanic membrane commonly known as

A

Ear drum

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4
Q

What are the names of the 3 ossicles?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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5
Q

What does the stapes hit against?

A

The oval window

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6
Q

What does the external ear comprise of?

A
  • Pinna (auricle)

- External auditory (acoustic) meatus

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7
Q

What part of the ear is devoid of a single piece of cartilage?

A

Ear lobule

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8
Q

What is tragus?

A

Cartilagenous prominence on the inner side of the external ear

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9
Q

What is the clinical significance of tragus?

A

It is palpated to differentiate between pain from external ear and referred pain

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10
Q

WHat are Ceruminous glands?

A
  • Within external auditory canal under the skin

- They secrete cerumen (ear wax)

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11
Q

What is the purpose of cerumen?

A

Keeps external acoustic canal soft and waterproof

- Prevents maceration of meatal skin when water trapped inside

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12
Q

What is the purpose of cerumen hairs?

A

Prevent small foriegn objects from reaching tympanic membrane

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13
Q

What are the two parts of the External acoustic canal?

A

Outer cartilage and inner bone

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14
Q

What is the nerve supply of the external acoustic canal?

A
  • Auricular branch of Vagus

- Auriculotemporal branch of trigeminal

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15
Q

Why is the pinna pulled upwards and backwards in an autoscopy exam?

A

Because the cartilaginous and boney parts of the auditory meatus are not straight

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16
Q

What quadrant of the tympanic membrane is the chorda tympani located in?

A

Postero-superior quadrant (posterior to handle of malleus)

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17
Q

What is the safest quadrant of the tympanic membrane?

A

Antero-inferior quadrant (i.e. when entering middle meatus with a needle to drain pus)

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18
Q

What structure is used to differentiate between the different quadrants of the tympanic membrane?

A

Shadow of handle of malleus

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19
Q

What is the triangular shaped cone of light on the tympanic membrane?

A

Politzer’s triangle

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20
Q

What are the ligaments that attach the ossicles to the walls?

A
  • Anterior ligament of malleus
  • Superior ligament of malleus
  • Posterior ligament of incus
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21
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear?

A
  • Tensor tympani

- Stapedius

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22
Q

Where does the air come from to fill the middle ear?

A

Auditory / pahryngotympanic / Eustachian tube

- Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

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23
Q

What is the nerve supply to the eustachian tube?

A

Glossopharyngeal - mucuos membrane is continous with nasopharynx

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24
Q

What is the chorda tympani?

A

Branch of the facial nerve that originates from the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain

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25
Q

What is the lateral wall of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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26
Q

What is the opening on the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity?

A

Aditus ad antrum (leads to mastoid antrum which leads to mastoid air cells)

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27
Q

What vein relates to the floor of the middle ear cavity?

A

Internal jugular vein

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28
Q

What lies of the medial surface of the middle ear cavity?

A

The promontory (rounded hollow prominence, formed by the projection outward of the first turn of the cochlea)

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29
Q

What makes up the roof of the middle ear cavity?

A

Thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the cranial and tympanic cavities
- Petrous part of temporal bone

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30
Q

How much larger is the tympanic membrane in comparison with the footplate of the stapes?

A

15 times larger (force is therefore also intensified 15 times)

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31
Q

What is the tendon which is found in the middle ear cavity and what is its function?

A

Tensor tympani tendon

  • function is to tense tympanic membrane
  • Pulls membrane medially
  • Increase in tension in response to loud noises
  • Reduces vibration of tympanic membrane
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32
Q

What is the muscle located in the middle ear cavity?

A

Stapedius muscle

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33
Q

What is the nerve supply to the tensor tympani?

A

MAndibular nerve

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34
Q

What is the function of the stapedius?

A

Pulls base of stapes away from oval window - protect inner ear from injury from loud noises

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35
Q

What is the nerve suppy to the stapedius?

A

Facial nerve (nerve to stapedius nerve)

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36
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube opened by?

A
  • Walls normally collapsed

- Actively opened by the simulatneous contraction of tensor veli palatini and salpingopharyngeus muscles

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37
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube shaped like in children?

A

Short and straight (pharyngeal infections easily spread to middle ear)

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38
Q

What is the modiolus?

A

Conical shaped central axis in the cochlea

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39
Q

What are the boney spurs called that come off of the modiolus?

A

Osseus spiral lamina

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40
Q

What membranes are located either side of the cochlear duct / scala media?

A

Come off of osseus spiral lamina

  • Vestibular membrane
  • Basilar membrane
41
Q

What is the name of the auditory receptor organ?

A

Organ of Corti

42
Q

What is the fluid that fills the scala tympani and vestibuli?

A

Perilymph

43
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects the scala vestibuli and tympani?

A

Helicotrema

44
Q

How does the structure of the basilar membrane change along the length of the cochlea?

A

From short and stiff to long and floppy

45
Q

What percentage of cochlear nerve endings terminate on the inner hair cells?

A

95%

46
Q

What is the purpose of outer hair cells?

A

They increase the sensitivity of the inner hair cells

- Can tune the cochlea by amplifying select frequencies

47
Q

What is the name of the structure which covers the hair cells?

A

Tectorial membrane

48
Q

What causes K+ channels to open in the stereocillia?

A

Displacement of stereocillia towards the kinocillia

49
Q

How is tuning controlled?

A
  • Under active olivocochlear neuronal control
  • Fibres along this path release Ach onto inner hair cells causing them to depolarise
  • Effectively damps down hearing in areas of pitch which are no intrest to the listener (e.g background noise)
50
Q

What drugs are highly ottotoxic?

A

Aminoglycosides (e.g kanamycin)

51
Q

How can aminoglycosides cause deafness?

A

Kill outer hair cells at a specific point along cochlea

52
Q

What is outoacoustic emission?

A

SOund that come out of ears

  • 50% spontaneous
  • Tinnitus
53
Q

Describe the auditory pathway?

A
  • Hair cells of the organ of corti generate an electrical signal
  • Peripheral extensions of the bipolar neurons at the spiral ganglion synapse with hair cells of the organ of Corti
  • Central extensions of bipolar neurons from the cochlear nerve (1st order)
  • Cochlear nerve synapses at anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei
  • Central extensions of 2nd order neurons splits up, with some travelling ipsilaterally but most contralaterally up to the respective superior olivary nucleus
  • Lateral lemniscus (3rd order) ascend and synapse at inferior colliculus
  • 4th order neurons project to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus where they synapse
  • 5th order neurons join thr auditory ratiation to the auditory cortex
54
Q

What is the lateral lemniscus involved in?

A

Thereom

55
Q

What is the inferior colliculus involved in?

A

Auditory reflex centre

56
Q

Where do collaterals from the auditory pathway project to?

A

Reticular formation and the vermis of the cerebellum, causing arousal response to noise

57
Q

How is sound relayed the cortex?

A

Tonographically, with lower frequencies to the anterior in most maps though there are variations

58
Q

How is the brain able to detect the direction of sound?

A
  • Volume and sound shadow - sound from one side hits the head, which then generates a sound shadow on the other side in which the volume is less. Comparison of signal intensities from both ears determines the ear closest to the sound
  • Sound lag - sound from a particular direction enters one ear befpre the other and so there is a slight delay between the sound arriving ipsilaterally at the auditory cortex, and that arric=ving contralaterally. Enhanced version of this used by owls for prey location
59
Q

Sound lag is better at determining horizontal direction at what frequencies?

A

Lower

60
Q

Sound shadow is better at determining horizontal direction at what frequencies?

A

Higher

61
Q

What allows us to tel where sound is coming from in terms of above and below?

A

Folds in the pinna

62
Q

What can cause conduction deafness?

A
  • Blockage of outer ear
  • Infection in either the outer or middle ear
  • Ossification of the small bones in the middle ear
  • Rupture of the tympanic membrane
63
Q

What can cause sensory-neural deafness?

A
  • Breakdown of the cochlea and associated mechanisms
  • Damage to the auditory nerve
  • Damage to the auditory cortex
64
Q

What noise levels (decibels) allow for what amount of exposure before damage occurs?

A
  • 85 decibles (shouting at around 3 feet), roughly 8 hours

- 115 decibels, instantaneous damage

65
Q

What is usually the first manifestation of noise damage / hearing loss?

A

Tinnitus

66
Q

At what frequency can hearing loss be most marked?

A

4000Hz ?

67
Q

What is Weber’s test?

A

Tuning fork in middle of the forehead, heard equally on both sodes

68
Q

What is Rinne’s test?

A

Air conduction is better than bone conduction (AC>BC); positive test

69
Q

What is taste?

A

Interaction of dissolved molecules with taste buds (saliva is important)

70
Q

What are the 6 primary tastes that are recognised?

A
  • Sweet: sugar, glycols, ketones
  • Sour: H+
  • Salty: NaCl
  • Bitter: Quinine, alkaloids found in toxic plants (taste threshold 8x10-6
  • Unami: Triggered by glutamate (meat, aged cheese and tomatoes)
  • Oleogustus: taste of fatty acid (unpleasant)
71
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

Oral surface of the soft palate, posterior wall of oropharynx, and the epiglottis

72
Q

Where are vallate papilla found?

A

Along sulcus terminalis

73
Q

What are the most numerous papillae?

A

Fungiform (found along dorsum of tongue)

74
Q

What nerve supplies the fungiform papillae?

A

Facial

75
Q

What nerve supplies the vallate papillae?

A

Glossopharyngeal

76
Q

What papillae are more sensitive to bitter?

A

Vallate papillae

77
Q

What papillae are poorly developed?

A

Foliate

78
Q

What are he largest taste buds?

A

Vallate papillae

79
Q

What is taste from the anterior 2/3s of the tongue carried by?

A

Peripheral extensions of the sensory neurons in geniculate ganglion of facial nerve
- Chorda tympani

80
Q

What nerve carries taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and oropharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (peripheral extensions of sensory neurons in inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal)

81
Q

Describe the passage of the chorda tympani?

A
  • Travels with lingual nerve

- Infratermporal fossa -> petrotympanic fissure -> middle ear cavity -> Joins facial nerve `

82
Q

What is taste from the epiglottis and soft palate conveyed by?

A

Vagus

83
Q

What do central processes of neurons conveying taste converge to form?

A

Solitary tract

84
Q

Where does the solitary tract synapse?

A

In nucleus of tractus solitarius (solitary nucleus, gustatory nucleus)

85
Q

When do taste sensations cross the midline?

A

Axons of 2nd ordr neurons cross midline and join medial lemniscus

86
Q

Where do 2nd order taste neurons synapse?

A

Thalamus

87
Q

Where do 3rd order taste neurons synapse?

A

Cortex

88
Q

How can taste trigger salivation or vomitting?

A

Gustation has limbic component via the thalamus this can activate brainstem nuclei for salivation, or vomitting

89
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

Part of olfactory system (bipolar neurons)

90
Q

Olfactory neuroepithelial cells have a life span of how many days?

A

40 - 60 days

91
Q

What can basal cells be used for clinically?

A

Stem cells (can regenerate from basal cells)

92
Q

What percentage of inhaled air comes in contact with olfactory receptors?

A

2%

93
Q

What secretes mucus for olfaction?

A

Bowman glands (moistens olfactory cells, facilitates olfaction)

94
Q

Is olfaction ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

95
Q

What is the olfactory nerve covered with?

A

Connective tissue of meninges

96
Q

What are the 2 olfactory tracts smell can take?

A
  • Medial olfactory stria - limbic system

- Lateral olfactory stria - olfactory cortex in medial temporal lobe

97
Q

What are the different causes of anosmia?

A
  • Idiopathic (25%)
  • Nasal / sinus disease (25%)
  • Head trauma (15%)
  • Alzheimer’s preceding
  • Congenital anosmia (1%)
  • Parosmia (20%)
98
Q

What is parosmia?

A

Unpleasant sense of smell caused by damage to the lining at the top of the nose (URT viral infections)

MD4001 Anatomy (7 decks)

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