Neuroanatomy Overview

Question 0

Diencephalon

Answer 0

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Question 1

Telencephalon

Answer 1

Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal ganglia

Question 2

Prosencephalon

Answer 2

Forebrain.

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 3

Mesencephalon

Answer 3

Midbrain.

Cerebral peduncles and midbrain Tectum and midbrain tegmentum

Question 4

Rhombencephalon

Answer 4

Hindbrain.

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 5

Metencephalon

Answer 5

Pons and cerebellum

Question 6

Myelencephalon

Answer 6

Medulla

Question 7

Meninges

Answer 7

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

(Inside to outside)

Question 8

Saltatory conduction

Answer 8

Action potentials travel between nodes of ranvier

Question 9

Nodes of ranvier

Answer 9

Exposed segment axon with voltage gated ion channels

Question 10

Gray matter

Answer 10

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Cranial nuclei

Question 11

Function Cranial nerve 2

Answer 11

Optic nerve

Question 12

Function Cranial nerve 1

Answer 12

Olfactory

Question 13

Anosognosia

Answer 13

Unawareness of deficit

Question 14

Abulic

Answer 14

Frontal lobe lesion

Stare passively. Respond after long delay.

Question 15

Prosopagnosia

Answer 15

Inability recognize faces

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

Question 16

Achromatopsia

Answer 16

Inability recognize colors.

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

Question 17

Palinopsia

Answer 17

Persistence or reappearance of object viewed earlier

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

Question 18

Fasiculations

Answer 18

Spontaneous quivering movements

Question 19

Hoffman’s sign

Answer 19

Heightened reflexes finger flexor muscles. Flick middle finger downward and see rebound in to slight extension.
Positive if thumb flexes and abducts.

Question 20

Babinski’s sign

Answer 20

Pressure from heel to small toe then over to big toe.
Normal down going toes.
Abnormal up going toes with extension big toe.
Silent toes don’t move ( if unilateral considered abnormal)
Normal until age 1
Indicates UMN lesion corticospinal tract
Indicates u

Question 21

Abdominal cutaneous reflex

Answer 21

Scrape ab skin above and below umbilicus on each side abdomen.
Observe for contraction.
T8-10 above umbilicus
T11-12 below umbilicus

Question 22

Cremasteric reflex

Answer 22

Scrape upper inner thigh and observe ascension testicles.

L1-2

Question 23

Bulbocavernosus reflex

Answer 23

S2-4

Press penis or in female pull foley and look for contraction rectal sphincter.

Question 24

Anal wink

Answer 24

Contraction rectal sphincter in response to pain perianal area. S2-4

Question 25

Glabellar response

Answer 25

Tap repeatedly in midline between eyes asking pt to keep eyes open. Initially blink but then this extinguishes in normal. Abnormal (myerson's sign) continued blinking seen in neurodegenerative like Parkinson's

Question 26

Palmomental reflex

Answer 26

Scrape hypothenar causes ipsilateral contraction mentalist of chin. Nonspecific and seen in normals.

Question 27

Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 27

Abnormal alternating movements. Usually cerebellar.

Question 28

Stereognosis

Answer 28

Identify object with eyes closed

Question 29

Asymmetrical or bilateral dilated pupils indicates...

Answer 29

Transtentorial herniation or other problem midbrain

Question 30

Small unresponsive pupils indicates...

Answer 30

Pontine lesion

Question 31

Bilateral pinpoint pupils indicates...

Answer 31

Opiate overdose

Question 32

Decorticate posturing

Answer 32

Flex UEs and extend LEs | Lesion above red nuclei of midbrain.

Question 33

Decerebrate posturing

Answer 33

Extends UEs and LEs. Worse prognosis than flexor posturing. Below red nuclei midbrain.

Question 34

Direction purposeful withdrawal

Answer 34

Away from stimulus, usually with abduction.

Question 35

Münchausen syndrome or factitious disorder

Answer 35

Feign illness to gain emotional pleasure in role of patient. (Internal gain)

Question 36

Location sympathetic ganglia

Answer 36

T1-L3

Question 37

Signs of sympathetic response (6)

Answer 37

``` Pupil dilate Bronchodilation Inc. HR Slow digestion Piloerection Inc. glucose release Systemic vasoconstriction ```

Question 38

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 38

Acetylcholine to norepinephrine

Question 39

Parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 39

S2-4

Question 40

Parasympathetic signs (6)

Answer 40

``` Rest or digest Pupil constriction Bronchoconstriction Dec. HR Inc. digestion Inc. salivation and lacrimation Intestinal vasodilation ```

Question 41

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 41

Acetylcholine to acetylcholine

Question 42

what is astrocyte

Answer 42

glial cell

Question 43

functions of astrocytes (6)

Answer 43

"end feet" connect to blood vessels to regulate blood flow in brain hold neurons in place nutrients to neurons digest dead neurons can release glutamate to communicate with surrounding neurons (chemical not electrical signal) connect to many neurons and 100s of synapses

Question 44

microglia

Answer 44

immune cells in brain

Question 45

function microglia (3)

Answer 45

detect damaged or unhealthy neurons, eat foreign invaders (bacteria/ virus), release signal for help

Question 46

diseases astrocyte communication abnormal ( 4)

Answer 46

ALS, alzeheimer's, cancer, AIDS

Question 47

apoptosis

Answer 47

normal process cell death (fragmentation nuclear DNA) activated by presence or absence of stimulus. "programmed cell death"

Question 48

alexia without agraphia. what is it? what part of brain injured?

Answer 48

can't read but can write. left PCA stroke. damage to left (dominant) occipital visual cortex extending to posterior corpus callosum. usually associated with right hemianopia. cannot see right hemifield. info from left hemifield goes to occipital lobe on right but cannot travel across to left hemisphere for interpretation. usually no aphasia.

Question 49

apraxia. what is it? what part brain involved?

Answer 49

inability to carry out action in response to verbal command, intact comprehension, strength, coordination, but cannot formulate ocrrect movement sequence. 1/3 with aphasia have apraxia.