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NCS > Neuroanatomy Overview > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Overview Flashcards

Vocabulary of neuro exam, reflexes, vocab neurons etc.

0
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal ganglia

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2
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain.

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain.

Cerebral peduncles and midbrain Tectum and midbrain tegmentum

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4
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain.

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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5
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

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6
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

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7
Q

Meninges

A

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

(Inside to outside)

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8
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potentials travel between nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Exposed segment axon with voltage gated ion channels

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10
Q

Gray matter

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Cranial nuclei

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11
Q

Function Cranial nerve 2

A

Optic nerve

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12
Q

Function Cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory

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13
Q

Anosognosia

A

Unawareness of deficit

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14
Q

Abulic

A

Frontal lobe lesion

Stare passively. Respond after long delay.

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15
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability recognize faces

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

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16
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Inability recognize colors.

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

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17
Q

Palinopsia

A

Persistence or reappearance of object viewed earlier

Lesion visual association cortex in parietoccipital and inferior temporal lobes.

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18
Q

Fasiculations

A

Spontaneous quivering movements

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19
Q

Hoffman’s sign

A

Heightened reflexes finger flexor muscles. Flick middle finger downward and see rebound in to slight extension.
Positive if thumb flexes and abducts.

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20
Q

Babinski’s sign

A

Pressure from heel to small toe then over to big toe.
Normal down going toes.
Abnormal up going toes with extension big toe.
Silent toes don’t move ( if unilateral considered abnormal)
Normal until age 1
Indicates UMN lesion corticospinal tract
Indicates u

21
Q

Abdominal cutaneous reflex

A

Scrape ab skin above and below umbilicus on each side abdomen.
Observe for contraction.
T8-10 above umbilicus
T11-12 below umbilicus

22
Q

Cremasteric reflex

A

Scrape upper inner thigh and observe ascension testicles.

L1-2

23
Q

Bulbocavernosus reflex

A

S2-4

Press penis or in female pull foley and look for contraction rectal sphincter.

24
Q

Anal wink

A

Contraction rectal sphincter in response to pain perianal area.
S2-4

25
Q

Glabellar response

A

Tap repeatedly in midline between eyes asking pt to keep eyes open. Initially blink but then this extinguishes in normal.
Abnormal (myerson’s sign) continued blinking seen in neurodegenerative like Parkinson’s

26
Q

Palmomental reflex

A

Scrape hypothenar causes ipsilateral contraction mentalist of chin. Nonspecific and seen in normals.

27
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

Abnormal alternating movements. Usually cerebellar.

28
Q

Stereognosis

A

Identify object with eyes closed

29
Q

Asymmetrical or bilateral dilated pupils indicates…

A

Transtentorial herniation or other problem midbrain

30
Q

Small unresponsive pupils indicates…

A

Pontine lesion

31
Q

Bilateral pinpoint pupils indicates…

A

Opiate overdose

32
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

Flex UEs and extend LEs

Lesion above red nuclei of midbrain.

33
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A

Extends UEs and LEs.
Worse prognosis than flexor posturing.
Below red nuclei midbrain.

34
Q

Direction purposeful withdrawal

A

Away from stimulus, usually with abduction.

35
Q

Münchausen syndrome or factitious disorder

A

Feign illness to gain emotional pleasure in role of patient. (Internal gain)

36
Q

Location sympathetic ganglia

A

T1-L3

37
Q

Signs of sympathetic response (6)

A 
Pupil dilate
Bronchodilation
Inc. HR
Slow digestion
Piloerection
Inc. glucose release
Systemic vasoconstriction
38
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine to norepinephrine

39
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

A

S2-4

40
Q

Parasympathetic signs (6)

A 
Rest or digest
Pupil constriction
Bronchoconstriction
Dec. HR
Inc. digestion
Inc. salivation and lacrimation
Intestinal vasodilation
41
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine to acetylcholine

42
Q

what is astrocyte

A

glial cell

43
Q

functions of astrocytes (6)

A

“end feet” connect to blood vessels to regulate blood flow in brain
hold neurons in place
nutrients to neurons
digest dead neurons
can release glutamate to communicate with surrounding neurons (chemical not electrical signal)
connect to many neurons and 100s of synapses

44
Q

microglia

A

immune cells in brain

45
Q

function microglia (3)

A

detect damaged or unhealthy neurons, eat foreign invaders (bacteria/ virus), release signal for help

46
Q

diseases astrocyte communication abnormal ( 4)

A

ALS, alzeheimer’s, cancer, AIDS

47
Q

apoptosis

A

normal process cell death (fragmentation nuclear DNA) activated by presence or absence of stimulus. “programmed cell death”

48
Q

alexia without agraphia. what is it? what part of brain injured?

A

can’t read but can write. left PCA stroke. damage to left (dominant) occipital visual cortex extending to posterior corpus callosum. usually associated with right hemianopia. cannot see right hemifield. info from left hemifield goes to occipital lobe on right but cannot travel across to left hemisphere for interpretation. usually no aphasia.

49
Q

apraxia. what is it? what part brain involved?

A

inability to carry out action in response to verbal command, intact comprehension, strength, coordination, but cannot formulate ocrrect movement sequence.
1/3 with aphasia have apraxia.

NCS (13 decks)

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