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Fundamentals of neuroscience > Neuroanatomy of the spinal cord (anatomy) > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of the spinal cord (anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the spinal meningines?

A
  • Pia matter
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura matter (spinal dural sheath)

(From inside out)

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the spinal cord?

A
  • Cervical division (top C1-C8)
  • Thoracic division (next one down T1-T12)
  • Lumbar division (L1-L5)
  • Sacral division (S1-S5)
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3
Q

What are the peripheral nerves in the spinal cord?

A
  • White matter
  • Sensory fibre
  • Motor fibre
  • Grey matter
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4
Q

Look at the spinal cord peripheral nerves diagram to see the shape of the nerve structure

A

:)

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5
Q

What does the somatic NS do?

A

Periphery & voluntary responses

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6
Q

What does the autonomic NS do?

A

Internal environment & involuntary repsonses

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7
Q

What does the peripheral NS do before the CNS?

A

Relays sensory info from the periphery & internal environment into the CNS via different pathways

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8
Q

What does the PNS do after the CNS?

A

Relay motor output from the CNS to the skeletal & smooth muscles via efferent pathways

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9
Q

What can’t the somatic NS convey?

A

Conveys all sensations except the 4 special senseso of the head (vision, hearing, olfactory, taste & balance)

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10
Q

What does the somatic NS convey?

A
  • Touch
  • Temperature
  • Proprioception (awareness of the body’s location & movements)
  • Pain
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11
Q

What is the order of a response being created with the somatic NS?

A
  • Sensory receptors
  • Sensory neurone
  • Integration centre (spinal cord & brain)
  • Motor neurone
  • Effecto muscle
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12
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A
  • Modified or free nerve endings of sensory neurons
  • Located throughout the body
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13
Q

What are sensory receptors activated by?

A

Specific stimuli

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14
Q

What does activation of a sensory receptor cause?

A

Causes receptor potential (graded potentials) of sensory neuron which ultimately leads to AP signalling along afferent neurones to the CNS

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15
Q

What are some examples of sensory receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Proprioceptors
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16
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

Mostly skin (also visceral organs e.g. heart = autonomic)

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17
Q

What is the stimuli for mechanoreceptors?

A

Physical distortion (skin = touch)

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18
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Merkel’s disk
  • Ruffini’s corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Free nerve endings
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19
Q

What are Messiner’s corpuscles like?

A

Glabrous (smooth), low threshold touch

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20
Q

What are Merkel’s disks like?

A

Glabrous, low threshold static touch

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21
Q

What are Ruffini’s corpuscles like?

A

Glabrous (smooth) and hairy, high threshold stretch

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22
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles like?

A

Largest, deepest, vibration

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23
Q

What are free nerve endings like?

A

Glabrous and hairy, very high touch threshold

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24
Q

What are Messiner’s and Pacinian corpuscles endings like?

A

AP firing at the onset & offset of the stimulus only = rapidly adapting

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25
Q

What are Merkel’s disks and Riffini’s endings like?

A

AP firing throughout the presence of the stimulus = slowly adapting

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26
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are small?

A
  • Merkel’s disk
  • Messiner’s corpuscle
27
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are large?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Ruffini’s ending
28
Q

Which mechanorecpetors are rapid?

A
  • Messiner’s corpuscle
  • Pacinian corpuscle
29
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are slow?

A
  • Merkel’s dick
  • Ruffini’s ending
30
Q

Where are thermoreceptors located?

A

Mostly skin

31
Q

What is the stimuli for thermoreceptors?

A

Temperature

32
Q

What are the free nerve ending ion channels for thermoreceptors called?

A
  • TRPV1 = hot
  • TRPM8 = cold
33
Q

Where are nociceptors located?

A

Mostly skin

34
Q

What is the stimuli for nociceptors?

A

Stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage

35
Q

What are the free nerve endings for nociceptors called?

A
  • Mechanical nociceptors
  • Thermal nociceptors
  • Chemical nociceptors
36
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A

Muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

37
Q

What is the stimuli for proprioceptors?

A

Muscle tension

38
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of proprioceptors?

A

1 - Muscle spindles
2 - Golgi tendon organ
3 - Proprioceptors in joints

39
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

AKA stretch receptors, muscle length (stretch)

40
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do?

A

Muscle tension (force of contraction)

41
Q

What do proprioceptors in joints do?

A

Angle, direction & velocity of movement in a joint

42
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

Area in which the specific stimulus will activate the sensory receptor

High density of smaller receptive fields = higher spatial resolution of the stimulus

43
Q

Where in the body has more/less receptive fields?

A
  • Fingers & lips = highly discriminative
  • Back, leg and arm = less discriminative
44
Q

What are somatosensory afferent neurones?

A
  • Axons of neurones bringing in info from the somatic sensory receptors to the spinal cord
45
Q

Where are primary afferent neurones located?

A

They have their cell body in the dorsal root ganglia & their axons project into the dorsal horn of spinal cord thru dorsal roots

46
Q

Refer the the diagram of the somatosensory afferent neurones

A

Learn these, was hard to put on a flashcard

47
Q

What are dermatomes?

A
  • Area of skin innervated by each pair of spinal nerves –> both sensory & motor
  • Directly related to the region of spinal cord the nerves originate
  • i.e. receptive field for one pair of peripheral nerves
48
Q

What are the 2 types of ascending tracts?

A
  • Dorsa column-medial lemniscal pathway
  • Spinothalamic pathway

Both got ot the primary somatosensory cortex

49
Q

What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway for?

A

Touch and proprioception

50
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway for?

A

Temperature and pain

51
Q

What is the somatosensory homunculus?

A

The visual representation of a human and how sensitive that areas is in the somatosensory cortex

(Dude with giant hands)

52
Q

Give 3 examples of somatic spinal cord reflex?

A
  • Myotatic reflex
  • Golgi tendon reflex
  • Flexor reflex
53
Q

What is a myotatic reflex?

A
  • Stretch reflex
  • Contraction of a muscle in response to its passive stretching
54
Q

What us a Golgi tendon reflex?

A
  • Inverse myotatic reflex
  • Relaxation of the muscle in response to excessive force
  • Prevents damage from excessive force
55
Q

What is a flexor reflex?

A
  • Withdrawl reflex
  • Polysynaptic
56
Q

Where does somatic motor output happen?

A

In the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex

57
Q

Maybe rewatch the video of somatic motor output

A

thank u

58
Q

What is the autonomic NS?

A
  • AKA visceral NS
  • Controls involuntary responses of internal organs e.g. HR

Controls - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands

59
Q

What is the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Acts to mobilise the body for short-term emergency
60
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Rest and digest
  • Facilitates the long term good

Acts in a complemnetary fashion to sympathetic

61
Q

Name 3 types of autonomic reflexes?

A
  • Ocular reflexes
  • Cardiovascular reflexes
  • Glandular reflexes
62
Q

What are the preganglionic & postganglionic neurone like for the sympatheic NS?

A
  • Preganglionic = short
  • Postganglionic = long
63
Q

What are the preganglionic & postganglionic neurone like for the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Preganglionic = long
  • Postganglionic = short
64
Q

Insert final summary for the somatic & autonomic parts of leccy

A

Slide 34

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

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