Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of neuroscience > Movement (systems) > Flashcards

Movement (systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What are lower motor neurones?

A

Hve cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord & axons project out of sc & synapse directly w skeletal muscle –> causes contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can lower motor neurones work alone?

A

They don’t woke alone - have to work with the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the stages of brain control of movement?

A

1 - Visual info req to locate a target

2 - Frontal lobe motor areas plan the reach & command the movement

3 - Sc carries info to hand

4 - Motor neurones carry messages to muscles od the hand and forearm

5 - Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saing that the cup has been grasped

6 - Sc carries sesnsory info to the brain

7 - Basal ganglia judge grasp forces & cerebellum corrects movement errors

8 - Snesory cortex recieves the message that the cup has been grasped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 cortical areas involved in movement?

(Refer to the diagram you may be asked to label these)

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Motor cortex

These each feed into the next one to produce a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Plans movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Organises movement sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

Produces specific movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

It divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are pyramidal tracts?

A
  • Initiate voluntary movements
  • Originate in the motor cortex
  • Corticospinal tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A
  • Initiate involuntary movements e.g. balance & body posture
  • Originate in the brain stem
  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Vestibulospinal tract
  • Tectospinal tract
  • Pontine & Medullary reticulospinal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are pathways through the brain called & what are they?

A

Descending tracts

They’re white matter tracts which are they way that the neurones are mapped throughout the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 types of descending tracts in the brain?

A
  • Pyramidal tracts
  • Extrapyramidal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the lateral corticospinal tract made up of?

A

Cell bodies of upper motor neurones in the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the upper motor neurones axons project?

(Lateral corticospinal tract)

A

Project down the brain through the internal capsule to the medulla where they cross over to the other side in the pyramids (left side of motor cortex controls right side of the body)

Axons cont to project down the sc to synapse w lower motor neurones in the ventral horn

Moves limbs & digits of opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the corticospinal tract made up of?

A
  • Lateral corticospinal tract = 90%
  • Anterior corticospinal tract = 10%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the anterior corticospinal tract made up of?

A

Cell bodies of upper motor neurones in the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do the upper motor neurone axons project?

(Anterior corticospinal tract)

A

They project down the brain thru the internal capsule to the sc where they cross over & synapse w lower motor neurones in the ventral horn

Moves muscles of midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Cell bodies of neurones originate in the red nucleus of the midbrain

19
Q

Where do the axons of the rubrospinal tract project?

A

Axons project down the brain stem to the sc where they synapse w lower motor neurones in the ventral horn

20
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control?

A
  • Upper limb control
  • Flexion & extension of muscles
21
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the vestibulospinal tract found?

A

Cell bodies of neurones originate in the vestibular nucleus of the medulla

22
Q

Where do the axons of the vestibulospinal tract project to?

A

Axons project down the brain stem to the spinal cord where they synapse with cervical lower motor neurones

23
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A
  • Head turning
  • Head balance
24
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the tectospinal tract found?

A

Cell bodies of neurones originate in the superior colliculi of the midbrain

25
Q

Where do the axons of the tectospinal tract project?

A

Axons project down the brain stem to the sc where they synapse w cervical lower motor neurones

26
Q

What is the role of the tectospinal tract?

A

Orientate head to visual stimuli

27
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the pontine & medullary reticulospinal tracts?

A

Cell bodies of neurones originate int he pontine & medullary areas of the reticular formation

28
Q

Where do the axons project of the pontine & medullary reticulospinal tracts?

A

Axons project down the brain stem to the spinal cord where they synapse w lower motor neurones

29
Q

What does the pontine tract do?

A

Enhances antigravity reflexes

30
Q

What does the medullary reticulospinal tract do?

A

Liberates antigravity muscles from reflex

31
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

The basal ganglia is a collection of subcortical nuclei

32
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Basal ganglia system acts as a feedback mechanism to the cerebral cortex for initiation & control of motor repsonses
  • Facilitates context appropriate voluntary movement
  • Inhibits inappropriate involuntary movement
33
Q

What is the loop from the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Cerebral cortex (prefrontal, motor & sensroy cortex)
  • Basal ganglia
  • Thalamus

(Loops back round)

34
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Glubus pallidus
- Internal
- External

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra
- Pars reticula
- Pars compacta

35
Q

What is the striatum made up of?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
36
Q

What does the corticospinal tract connect?

A

The cerebral cortex to lower motorneurones

37
Q

What is effected in Parkinson’s disease?

A

The basal ganglia

38
Q

What is the hyperkinetic system?

A
  • Damage to indirect pathways
  • Excessive involuntary movements
  • Tourette’s syndrom & Huntington’s disease
39
Q

What is the hypokinetic system?

A
  • Damage to direct pathway
  • Paucity of movements
  • Parkinson’s disease (damage to Substantia Nigra that turns on the direct pathway)
40
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Is the structure found at the back of the brain

41
Q

What are the 2 main motor functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Timing = ensures movements are precise
  • Error correction = compares inteded movement w actual movement & makes the necessary adjustments accordingly
42
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the cerebellum?

A
  • Floccular lobe
  • Two hemispheres
43
Q

What is the role of the floccular lobe?

(Cerebellum)

A
  • Input from the vestibular organs
  • Eye movement & balance
44
Q

What is the role of the two hemispheres?

(Cerebellum)

A
  • Homunculus orientation
  • Medial = face & trunk
  • Lateral = didgits & limbs

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions