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Fundamentals of neuroscience > Animal use in research (animal cog) > Flashcards

Animal use in research (animal cog) Flashcards

1
Q

How many animals are killed anually in the UK:

  • For food
  • As pests
  • By cars
  • By cats
  • Used in research
A
  • For food = 1.3bn
  • As pests = 20 million
  • By cars = 11 million
  • By cats = 11 million
  • Used in research = 4.14 million
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2
Q

How many of the animals below are consumed per person in the UK:

  • Pigs
  • Fish
  • Chickens
  • Sheep
  • Cows
A
  • Pigs = 25
  • Fish = 46
  • Chickens = 1,500
  • Sheep = 18
  • Cows = 6.5
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3
Q

How many animals are used in the UK per person for research?

A
  • 4 mice
  • 1 fish
  • 0.5 rats
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4
Q

What was the total amount of animal experiments in 2017?

A

3.79 million

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the types of animal research conducted in the Uk in 2017?

A
  • Experimental procedures = e.g. surgery, injections, behavioural tests, 1.89 million (50%)
  • Creation/breeding of the genetically altered animals = e.g. knock in and knock out genetic mutations, 1.90 million (50%)
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6
Q

Study the graphs on species of animals in research in the UK - not sure how to put this into a fc

A

Slide 9

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7
Q

Where is the amount of animals tested on in the UK kept?

A

In the annual statistics of scientific procedures on living animals in Great Britain

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8
Q

What are the 6 stages of making a medicine?

A
  • Research
  • Finding new treatments
  • Narrowing the field
  • Clinical trials (3 phases)
  • Approval
  • Life of a medicine (continuous monitoring)
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9
Q

What was animal research like in 1600-1900?

A
  • Smallpox vaccine (cows)
  • Typhoid, cholera, plague vaccines (mice, rats)
  • Rabies vaccine (dogs, rabbits)
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10
Q

What was animal research like in the 1900s?

A
  • Rickets treatment (dogs)
  • Corneal transplants (rabbits)
  • Discovery of vitamin C/Scurvy (guinea pigs)
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11
Q

What was animal research like in 1910-1920s?

A
  • Blood transfusions (dogs, guide pigs, rabbits)
  • Insulin for diabetes (dogs, rabbits, mice)
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12
Q

What was animal research like in the 1930s-1940s?

A
  • Antibiotics - penecillin/streptomycin (mice)
  • Diphtheria vaccine (guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, monkeys)
  • Kidney dialysis (guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, monkeys)
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13
Q

What was animal research like in 1950-1960s?

A
  • Polio vaccine (mice, monkeys)
  • Kidney transplants (dogs)
  • Heart transplants (dogs)
  • Cardiac pacemakers (dogs)
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14
Q

What was animal research like in 1970-1980s?

A
  • Chemotherapy (mice)
  • Leprosy treatment (armadillos, mice)
  • Asthma inhalers (guinea pigs, rabbits
  • MRI scanning (rabbits, pigs)
  • River blindness treatment (rodents, cows)
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15
Q

What was animal researsch like 1990-2000s?

A
  • HIV combined therapy (mice, monkeys)
  • Meningitis vaccines (mice)
  • Cervical cancer vaccine (rabbits, cows)
  • Parkinson’s deep brain stim (monkeys)
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16
Q

What are some examples of the future of animal research?

A
  • Stem cells for spinal cord, heart repair (mice rats)
  • Alzheimer’s vaccine, gene therapy for muscualr dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell diseease (mice)
  • COVID-19 vaccine, malaria vaccine (mice, monkeys)
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17
Q

What are the annual benefits of animal research?

A

7,000 - artificial heart valve fitted
50,000 - new ppl treated for breast cancer
100,000 - new diabetics using insulin
3,000,000 - opertions w general/local anaesthetic
30,000,000 - prescriptions for asthma
40,000,000 - prescriptions for antibiotics

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18
Q

Name the 7 acts put in place to protect animals:

A
  • 1876 Cuelty to Animals Act
  • 1911 Protections of Animals Act
  • 1966 Venerinary Surgeons Act
  • 1981 The Animal Health Act
  • 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act
  • 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA)
  • 1997 Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order
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19
Q

What was the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act for?

A

Licensing & regulation of experiments

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20
Q

What was the 1911 Protection of Animals Act?

A

Protection of both domestic & captive animals against acts of cruelty

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21
Q

What was the 1966 Veterinary Surgeons Act?

A

Only a qualified veterinary surgeon registered with the RCVS can carry out diagnosis, medical and surgical treatments

22
Q

What was the 1981 The Animal Health Act?

A

Porvides for disease prevention & containment in animals; protection against spread of disease e.g. foot and mouth

23
Q

What was the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

24
Q

What is a procedure?

A

Anything that might cause:
- Pain
- Distress
- Suffering
- Lasting harm

25
Q

What are the 4 levels of procedures that can happen?

A
  • Non-recovery
  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe
26
Q

What is a non-recovery procedure?

A

Procedure that is performed general anaethesia from which the animal will not recover conciousness

27
Q

What is a mild procedure?

A
  • Procedure that will likely cause short-term, mild pain, suffering or distress to an animal
  • No significant impairment of their overall wellbeing or condition
28
Q

What is a moderate procedure?

A
  • Procedure that will likely cause short-term moderate pain, suffering or distress to an animal, or long-lasting mild pain, suffering or distress
  • Cause moderate impairment of their wellbeing condition
29
Q

What is a severe procedure?

A
  • Procedure that will likely cause severe pain, suffering or distress to an animal, or long-lasting moderate pain sufferingor distres
  • Cause severe impairment of their wellbeing and condition
30
Q

What is procedure severity?

A

The maximum levle of suffering experienced by an animal during an experimental procedure

31
Q

What % of each severity of procedure is done in animal testing?

A
  • Mild = 50%
  • Moderate = 26%
  • Severe = 5%
  • Sub-threshold = 11%
  • Non-recovery = 7%
32
Q

What was the APSA 1986 underlying principles?

A

Animals bred, supplied and used for scientific procedures are cared for in accordance with the best standards of modern animal husbandry

33
Q

What are the 3Rs for the APSA 1986 underlying principles?

A
  • Reduction
  • Refinement
  • Replacement
34
Q

What is reduction in the 3Rs?

A
  • Reduce the no. animals involved to a minimum
  • e.g. methods that enable more data to be gained from a single animal
35
Q

What is refinement in the 3Rs?

A
  • Refine the procedures to minimise any suffering caused
  • e.g. handling mice in tubes
36
Q

What is replacement in the 3Rs?

A
  • Use different methods that replace the need for animals
  • e.g. computational modelling and post-mortem histology tissue
37
Q

What are the 3 purposes of procedures?

A
  • Basic –> 55%
  • Translational/applied –> 17%
  • Regulatory –> 27%

(Other = 1%)

38
Q

What are basic procedures?

A

Add to our knowledge of the normal & abnormal strucutre, functioning and bheaviour of living orgnaisms & the environment

39
Q

What are translational/applied procedures?

A

Address human or animal health or disease

40
Q

What are regulatory procedures?

A

To satisfy legal requirements, including;

  • Ensuring substances are produced to legal specification
  • Evaluating the safety or effectiveness of pharmecuticals and other chemicals
41
Q

Name 2 ways which the testing of cosmetics has been regulated:

A
  • 1998 = testing of cosmetic ingredients banned in the UK
  • 2013 = EU full ban on cosmetic testing on animals
42
Q

What are the 3 licences required for animal testing?

A
  • Establishment licence
  • Project licence
  • Personal licence

(AWERB must approve too)

No research can be given a licence if there is a practical alternative to research

43
Q

What is an establishment licence?

A

Authorises the premises/establishment where research is carried out

44
Q

What is a project licence?

A

Authorises the need for the project & each experimental technique to be performed

45
Q

What is a personal licence?

A

Authorises the person conducting the experiment

46
Q

What is the AWERB?

A

Animal welfare and ethical review board

47
Q

Who is on the AWERB?

A
  • Establishment licence holder (chair)
  • Director of the Biomedical Services Unit
  • Named Veterinary Surgeon
  • Academic members of staff w experience of biomedical research involving animals
  • Academic members of staff not involved in biomed research onvolving animals
  • Lay members
48
Q

What does the AWERB ethical review require?

A
  • That all ALTERNATIVES to the use of animals have been investigated before proposing the use of animals for experimental research
  • Potential benefits of the research are justified against the likely COST to the animals; includes justification of the choice of speices & no. animals used
  • All aspects of the CARE & use of animals follow accepted best practice guidelines
49
Q

What does the application for a project licence require?

A
  • Defines specific objectives
  • Itemises the benefits
  • Putlines ‘Plan of Work’
  • Details & justifies experimental protocols
  • Sets the severity limits for procedures & the project
50
Q

How is the justification of animal numbers calculated?

A
  • Minimum no. animals req to achieve a statistically sig outcome
  • Not too many, but not too few
  • Perform a power calc to determine the no. animals req –> Req knowledge of the effect size & natural variability in the animals
51
Q

What does a personal licence req to acquire?

A
  • Req appropriates prior education –> GCSE/A level/degree
  • Training course –> Theoretical & practical skills taught & examined
  • Supervision from senior colleagues
52
Q

How is annual reporting on animal testing done?

A
  • HOME OFFICE publishes stats on the no. and species of animals used in scientific procedures
  • PROJECT LICENCE HOLDER has to provide details of the no. animals they have used & why
  • Home office website publishes details of successful applications for project licences

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

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