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Fundamentals of neuroscience > Glial cells (cells of NS) > Flashcards

Glial cells (cells of NS) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Glia Greek for?

A

Glue

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of glial cells?

A
  • Macroglia
  • Microglia
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3
Q

What are the types of macroglia?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Radial glia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Bergmann glia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Tanycytes
  • Schwann cells
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4
Q

What is a mesoderm?

A

The early stages of an embryo

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4
Q

What is a mesoderm?

A

The early stages of an embryo

This is made up of 3 layers that form into parts of the NS

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mesoderm (embryo)?

A

Macroglia = ectoderm

Schwann cells = neural crest (specific type of ectoderm)

Microglia = Mesoderm

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6
Q

How do glia compare to neurones?

A

Glia don’t have dendrites or axons like neurones

Much smaller than neurone

Glia don’t have synapses

Morphologically distant from neurones

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7
Q

How do glial cells communicate?

A

By gap junctions coupled rather than synapses

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8
Q

What are the 3 different types of glia?

A
  • Microglia = mesoderm
  • Schwann cells = neural crest
  • Macroglia = ectoderm
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9
Q

Where are glial cells present?

A

In the central and peripheral NS

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10
Q

Do glial cells conduct action potentials

A

NO!

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11
Q

Who discovered Astrocytes?

A

1893, Von Lenhossek

(Astrocyte = star like morphology)

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12
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes?

A
  • Fibrous astrocytes
  • Protoplasmic astrocytes
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13
Q

What is the structure of an astrocyte?

A
  • Processes happen in end feet - these project to what they’re connecting to
  • Endfeet contact blood vessels & neurones directly
  • Arguably most diverse glial cell in the CNS
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14
Q

What are the 7 functions of an astrocyte?

A
  • Uptake & buffering of extracellular K+ (place it somewhere else)
  • Remove glutamate from the synapse
  • Metabolic support to neurones
  • Regulate blood flow according to neuronal activity
  • Supply NT precursors to neurones
  • Protect neurones against toxic compounds
  • Modulate neuronal activity
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15
Q

What are astrocytes extremely sensitive to?

A

K+

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16
Q

How do astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurones?

A

Glial cells store energy for neurones when there’s not enough energy available

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17
Q

Give an example of astrocytes supplying NT precursors to neurones

A

e.g. GABA and glutamate

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18
Q

Give an example of a toxic compound that astrocytes protect neurones from

A

Ammonium detoxification

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19
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes founds?

A

In white matter tracts of:
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Optic nerve
- Nerve fibre layer of retina

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20
Q

What do fibrous astrocytes do?

A

Processes contact blood vessels & axons at the nodes of Ranvier

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21
Q

What do fibrous astrocytes look like?

A
  • Few. long processes (up to 300um)
  • Soma arranges in rows between axon bundles
  • Lots of overlap between processes
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22
Q

Why does white matter appear white?

A

There are lots of axons running through with myelin so appear white

23
Q

Where in the white matter are astrocytes located?

A

They are arranged around the axon and blood vessels

24
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes present?

A

In grey matter tracts of brain and spinal cord

25
Q

What do protoplasmic astrocytes look like?

A
  • Processes contact blood vessels & neurones at the synapse & soma
  • Many short processors
  • Astrocytic domains - little overlap between processes
26
Q

Where are radial glial cells found?

A

Present in the developing brain

27
Q

What is the role of radial glial cells?

A
  • Two main processes which make a connection at the ventricle wall & surface of the developing brain
  • Key functions: act as scaffolding to assist w neuronal mirgation in the developing brain
28
Q

What happens to radial glial cells after maturation?

A

Dissapear after maturation in most brain areas

29
Q

Where are Bergmann glia found?

A

Type of radial glial cell present in the cerebellum

Cell body in the purkinje layer

30
Q

Where do Bergmann glia form connections with?

A
  • Few processes that extend to the surface of the cerebellum
  • Processes also form contact with synapses on Purkinje neurone dendrites
31
Q

What are muller cells?

A

Type of radial glial cell present in the retina

32
Q

What do muller cells do?

A

Longitudinal processes that can make contact w synapses & blood vessels –> similar to protoplasmic astrocytes

33
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

Line the ventricles

34
Q

What do ependymal cells form?

A

Form the choroid plexus

35
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Produce & move CSF

36
Q

Where are tanycytes found?

A

Line the wall of the 3rd ventricle

Long processes extend into hypothalamus

37
Q

What do tanycytes make contact with?

A

Processes make contact with neurones & blood vessels

38
Q

What is the key function of tanycytes?

A

Regulation of food intake

39
Q

What can occur if astrocytes do not function properly?

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Epilepsy
  • Ischemic stroke
  • Pain
  • Glioblastoma
40
Q

What is the overall role of glia?

A

Maintain homeostasis of the extracellular environment of the CNS to ensure optimum function of neurones

41
Q

Who named oligodendrocytes and why?

A

In the 1920s, Rio-Hortega (Cajal’s student), stained for & named these cells oligodendrocytes

Named for their apparent fewer & shorter processes than astrocytes

42
Q

What is the structure of oligodendrocytes?

A

Processes are not short but extended far to wrap around the axon

43
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin of the CNS

44
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes present?

A

Present in white matter

45
Q

How do oligodendrocytes produce myelin?

A

Each processes myelinates a single axon but different processes from a single oligodendrocyte means a single oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons

46
Q

Who discovered microglia?

A

1920s, Rio-Hortega (Cajal’s student)

Stained for & named these cells microglia

47
Q

What are microglia like?

A

Small cells

48
Q

Where are microglia found?

A

Present throughout the brain

(More in grey matter than white matter)

49
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Function: resident immune cells of the CNS

50
Q

What are microglia like when resting?

A

Highly ramified, microdomains that processes are sent out and retracted within for constant surveillance, express receptors for inflammatory molecule, pathogens & immune stimuli

51
Q

What are microglia like when activated?

A

Ameboid, capable of phagocytosis, pro- (M1) and and anti-inflammatory (M2)

52
Q

Who discovered Schwann cells?

A

1871, Ranvier, named these Schwann cells

53
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelinate/ensheath axons of peripheral nerves

54
Q

What are myelinating Schwann cells like?

A
  • Entire cells wrap around the axon
  • Myelinate axon above 1um diameter
  • Each Schwann cell myelinates on section of a single axon
55
Q

What are nonmyelinating Schwann cells like?

A
  • AKA Remak cells
  • Ensheath multiple axons below 1um diameter into Remak fibres

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

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