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SLP 511: Neuroanatomy > Neuroanatomy of Attention > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Attention Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

serves to focus on a sensation

The focused sensation can then be understood semantically, stored in memory, or be a motivation for action

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2
Q

Attentional Network

A

it is a large network, located in brainstem, cortex, subcortical gray and white

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3
Q

Which hemisphere is more important for attention?

A

right

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4
Q

What does attention enable?

A

detect the presence of stimuli
react faster to their presence
“mediate consciousness”
support working memory

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5
Q

What happens with inattention?

A

stimuli is ignored

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6
Q

2 types of neural networks?

A
  1. diffuse system/global
  2. focal system/selective
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7
Q

Which network is this?

Distributes attention globally
* Widespread network of thalamic & bi-hemispheric
structures, particularly the frontal lobe is important
* alerting/arousal
*“warning” or cue
* vigilance (right hemisphere)

A

Diffuse system/global

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8
Q

Which network is this?

Distributes attention to salient aspects of spatial experience
* Lateralized to frontal and parietal regions of right
hemisphere
* Focus & orientation

A

focal system/selective

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9
Q

Voluntary versus reflexive attention?

A

-Systems work in opposition
-Work on balancing between two ideas
-Need enough voluntary attention to accomplish what we want but enough reflexive attention to be safe

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10
Q

Which kind of attention is this?

Top down process
We are in control- internal cues
Guided by our goals, expectations & rewards
Goal directed & Focus
Dorsal – more later

A

voluntary/dorsal/endogenous attention

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11
Q

What kind of attention is this?

Shifts as needed to novel, salient stimuli
Bottom-up
We are the puppet- external factors
Driven by sensory stimuli, involuntarily captures our attention
Ventral – more later

A

Reflexive/Exogenous/Ventral

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11
Q

Overt Attention

A

– move sense organs toward stimuli
(eyes, orient body)

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11
Q

Covert Attention

A

Attention without any external cues that you are doing so, inward directed neural changes
research focuses on covert attention

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11
Q

What is complex attention?

A

Complex neurocognitive process that allows human beings to focus, select and/or maintain mental resources to internal and external stimuli

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12
Q

What is complex attention needed for?

A

needed to process personal information and interpretal environmental and internal cues

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13
Q

Types of Complex Attention?

A

Arousal – Automatic attention toward stimuli
Focused Attention – Ability to be focused to one stimuli
Sustained/Vigilant Attention – Ability to maintain attentional resources and respond correctly for a “long” period of time
Selective Attention – Ability to select and reject irrelevant stimuli
Alternate Attention – Ability to change attentional focus between two or more stimuli
Divided Attention – Ability to focus attention on two or more tasks at the same time

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14
Q

Automatic attention toward stimuli

A

Arousal

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15
Q

Ability to be focused to one stimuli

A

focused attention

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16
Q

Ability to maintain attentional resources and respond correctly for a “long” period of time

A

Sustained/vigilant attention

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17
Q

ability to select and reject irrelevant

A

selective attention

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18
Q

ability to change attentional focus between two or more stimuli

A

alternate attention

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19
Q

ability to focus attention on two or more tasks at the same time

A

divided attention

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20
Q

Vigilance and arousal states are what kind of pattern?

A

global/diffuse
ventral/reflexive/exogenous

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21
Q

Selective/focused attention are what kind of pattern?

A

Focal Network
attend to one stim and ignore distracters
overt or covert
Voluntary/Dorsal/Endogenous

22
Q

What 2 things are needed to pay attention?

A

Executive Function- inhibition, planning, set/task shifting, interference (Stroop test)

Working Memory- visuospatial, auditory

23
Q

People with ADHD struggle with…
but not with…

A

inhibition, working memory, planning

Not with
set shifting, interference

24
Q

What are the cortical components of attention?

A

Pre Frontal Lobe

Posterior Parietal Lobe

25
Q

Role of pre-frontal lobe in attention?

A

attention & executive function
- maintains attention
- works with anterior cingulate

26
Q

Role of the posterior parietal lobe in attention?

A
  • brief control signals of attention, shift attentional states
    – engage and disengage
27
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A

group of neurons
Located primarily in brainstem & hypothalamus –
Composed of four main components comprised of groupings of nuclei that responsible for arousal and attention to different regions.

Functional Aspects: for attention & ability to focus,
arousal to noise (norepinephrine)
Sleep and wake cycles, Wakefulness & and arousal

28
Q

Where does the reticular activating system receive input from?

A

spinal cord, sensory pathways, thalamus & cortex

29
Q

Describe the superior colliculi

A

Located top of midbrain
Receives input from: retina and visual cortex
Functional Aspects: crucial for visual selective attention, orientation, important for saccades

30
Q

Pulvinar area of the Thalamus

A

Located - paired gray matter, in diencephalon above midbrain

Relay station, thus transmits information to cortex

Important role in selective attention of sensory information

maintains reciprocal connections
to frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal cortex

has neurons that respond definitely to color, shape, motion, and orientation, (probably auditory stimuli)

31
Q

Located – above corpus callosum around “anterior knee”
Includes anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex
Receives information from thalamus, somatosensory (parietal) areas of cortex and neocortex
Function - role in selective attention to stimuli
(limbic system ?)- emotions can drive motivation, help with connection

A

Cingulate Cortex

32
Q

How do the dorsal/ventral systems interact and work together?

A

Simply put: something happens, they are interrupted, and then they move towards the more important thing.

If a new stimulus is heard/seen, then the connections between temporo-parietal junction and intraparietal sulcus interrupt goal-directed attention

If it is important, then that exogenous information moves from intraparietal junction to temporo-parietal junction

33
Q

What is in the visual model?

A

Space
Gestalt
One field/hemisphere

34
Q

What is in the auditory model?

A

Time – ephemeral
Sequential
Both hemispheres

35
Q

What are the implications for early selection?

A

decide focus
select for full perceptual analysis
reject all others

36
Q

What are the implications for late selection?

A

full perceptual analysis of all
semantic coding
some brought to conscious awareness

37
Q

Is Auditory Attention top-down or bottom-up?

A

Both!

38
Q

Bottum-up/Stimulus Driven

A

Depends on salience of the stimulus?
Surprise symphony – it’s a surprise because it’s quiet first then very loud – a salient difference.
No surprise if it’s been loud all along

39
Q

Top-Down/Goal Oriented

A

starts in superior temporal gyrus (STG) and planum temporale
we tune our attention to the signal and ignore the noise

40
Q

The brain is making a boost in action potential ______ the stimuli happens

Evidence to the early selection model

A

Before!

41
Q

What is the biased competition model?

A

When different stimuli fall within the same receptive field of a neuron the bottom up signals compete for control of the neuron firing

Competition is resolved by attention favoring one stimulus over another

As receptive fields get larger you move up the processing chain, there is more competition at higher processing stages and greater need for attention

42
Q

Info on Subcortical Attention

A

Can attention effect processing before it even gets to the cortices?

Numerous connections from V1 back to thalamus

So thalamus feeds to visual cortex but also visual cortex identified as providing feedback toward thalamus for modulations…thus VC synapses on the area surrounding the lateral geniculate nucleus, results indicate that attention was impacting these neurons even before the signal arrived to cortex

Studies with monkey showed that attention modulated the metabolic activity of LGN neurons

43
Q

Automatic Grasp of Attention

A

Reflexive attention

The more salient a stimulus is the more likely to grasp our attention

Head automatically turns and orients towards the direction of the stimulus

Attention grasp is short lived unless there is important information

44
Q

Inhibition of Return

A

Our automatic orienting system has built in mechanism to prevent reflexively directed attention from getting stuck at a location
Occurs after 300 ms

After looking at a location return of attention to that location is inhibited

Subjects are slower to return to stimuli that are presented in a location where a distractor had been present previously

45
Q

What is the total absence of attention (like a coma)?

A

Aprosexia

46
Q

Decrease of attention (e.g. fatigue, distractibility)

A

Hypoprosexia

47
Q

– Decrease of attention in complex environments

A

Pseudoprosexia

48
Q

Abnormal direction of attention (e.g. towards irrelevant stimuli)

A

Paraprosexia

49
Q
  • Excessive increase of attention(e.g. hypervigilance)
A

Hyperprosexia

50
Q

Disorders of Attention – often associated with ____ hemisphere lesions

A

right

51
Q

Often associated with R hemisphere lesions or damage
Anticipated deficits in….?

A

Attention
Perception
Memory
Executive Function

52
Q

What is left neglect?

A

disorder of attention that causes individual to have difficulty noticing, attending to and responding to stimuli on left side of the body

53
Q

What is Albert’s test?

A

Visual neglect screening requires patient to cross out lines on a single piece of paper. If the lines on the left side are left uncrossed it indicates left visual neglect

54
Q

What is the cognitive linguistic quick test? (CLQT)

A

Assesses relative status of 5 cognitive domains:
Attention/Memory/Language/Executive Function/Visuospatial Skills

10 activities in total
Tasks include: Symbol cancelation/ Draw A Clock/ Symbol Trails

55
Q
A

SLP 511: Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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