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SLP 511: Neuroanatomy > Auditory Processing Pathway > Flashcards

Auditory Processing Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the ear?

A
  1. Outer (visible)
  2. Middle (filled with air)
  3. Inner (filled with fluid)
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2
Q

Function of the tympanic membrane?

A

soundwaves apply force, sets off vibration of malleolus

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3
Q

What does the malleolus do?

A

connects to tympanic membrane

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4
Q

3 bones in the ear?

A

malleolus, incus, stapes

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5
Q

2 boundaries within the middle ear?

A

oval window and tympanic membrane

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6
Q

What occurs at the oval window?

A

Vibration transfers mechanical wave into water waves in Inner EAR

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7
Q

What is the sensory receptor of the cochlea?

A

Organ of Corti (rows outer hair cells, 1 row inner hair cells)

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8
Q

What do the hair cells do after bent by the sound waves?

A

convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

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9
Q

Describe the semi-circular canals

A

fluid filled
* Three-dimensional perception of position
* Sound waves do not travel in semicircular canals
* Crystal located in three semicircular canals

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10
Q

What do the crystals do when head/body moves?

A

Movement of head/body causes crystals to move and provided feedback regarding position (CN 8)

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11
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

Spiral ganglion (type I) cells located in cochlea

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12
Q

2 sets of fibers in the bipolar cells?

A
  1. primary auditory fibers – longer & central fibers
  2. peripheral process
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13
Q

2 branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A
  1. Vestibular branch
  2. Cochlear branch
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14
Q

What does the inferior colliculus do?

A

essential to sound localization,
second location binaural processing

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15
Q

Auditory Cortex Location?

A

Temporal Lobe
most of auditory cortex hidden view in lateral sulcus, on collection gyri known as Heschl’s gyri.

Some visible area auditory cortex extends into superior temporal gyrus

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16
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex/Core region (A1)

A

superior temporal plane
Heschl’s Gyrus

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17
Q

Regions of the Auditory Association Cortex (A2)

A

belt and parabelt parietal & temporal borders
Belt region – region adjacent to core region
Parabelt region – neighboring areas around to belt

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18
Q

Which area is imprecise?

A

Demarcation area

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19
Q

Function of auditory cortex?

A

to perceive sound
perception of pitch
where originated from (direction of the sound)
source of the sound
discernment of speech sounds

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20
Q

What is a tonotopic map?

A

Core region organized tonotopically
Arranged by frequency; humans have 6 tonotopic maps (regions)
Neurons tuned to ONLY respond to specific frequencies

21
Q

Neurons that respond to info from one ear; inhibit same info to the ____ ear

Other neurons activated by info from ____ears

A

opposite; both

22
Q

What components are not as well known as the visual cortex?

A

Mechanism and component auditory cortex

23
Q

What is the left sylvian fissure important for?

A

speech production & speech recognition

24
Q

How is the left sylvian fissure described?

A

2 lane, 2 way highway

25
Q

What happens if damage occurs above/below the sylvian fissure?

A

above: parietal & frontal lobes speech production deficits

below: temporal lobe– caused speech recognition deficits

26
Q

5 part Sequence from hearing to lang. comp. and memory

A
  1. COchlea
  2. central auditory pathway
  3. primary and secondary
    -Auditory aka core, belt, and parabelt
    cortex
  4. Sylvian Fissure parietal-temporal
  5. Pre-Frontal Cortex
27
Q

Primary Auditory Pathway

A

-cochlear nuclei (dorsal & ventral)
cross through trapezoid body
-superior olivary complex (pons) – SOC – info from two ears, now have two fields
-lateral lemniscus tract
cross at nucleus
-inf colliculus (midbrain)
communicate with each other
-medial geniculate (thalamus)
-geniculocortical fibers (internal capsule)

28
Q

Acoustic reflex?

A

Involuntary muscle contraction of stapes in middle ear in response to loud sound

Muscle contraction pulls stapes from oval window & stiffens osculation chain

29
Q

Does the coordination of head and eye movement to maintain equilibrium involve other cranial nerves?

A

YES!

inferior colliculi to superior colliculi (CN III)
SOC to medial longitudinal (CN IV, VI)
auditory and vestibular branches of CN VIII with cerebellum

30
Q

What is involved in sound localization?

A

superior olivary complex – neurons sensitive to time & intensity differences
inferior colliculi – receive binaural input
in cortex, too - maybe

31
Q

How small is the timing difference for arrival of sound between the ears?

A

Can detect timing difference as small as 10 microseconds

32
Q

What are auditory evoked potentials??

A

Test completed to identify Central hearing disorders/tumors
Measure with electrodes on skull

Interpretation of results:
Amplitude/Latency/Interpeak latency/Interaural Latency

33
Q

What are dichotic listening tasks used for?

A

Used to determine hemispheric lateralization of language

34
Q

What is the right ear advantage?

A

for perception of words = left hemisphere lateralization of language

35
Q

Causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

Ear Infection, fluid, loss Eustachian tube function, benign tumors

36
Q

Causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Ototoxic drugs, aging, illness, noise exposure, tumors

37
Q

What is an acoustic neuroma?

A

benign tumor grows on CN VIII; can impact hearing & balance, diagnosed MRI

38
Q

What is labrynthitis?

A

inflammation of inner ear

39
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

inner ear disorder causes vertigo. Onset 1 ear but can progress to both

40
Q

Otosclerosis?

A

hearing loss due to inability of oscillating bones to freely vibrate, hereditary

41
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

ringing or buzzing in ears, unilateral or bilateral, varies in severity and consistency

42
Q

What is central hearing loss?

A

result of tumor or injury to auditory pathway or auditory cortex

43
Q

What is usher syndrome?

A

rare genetic disorder impacts hearing & vision, sometimes balance. Abnormal development hair cells.

44
Q

What is pendred syndrome?

A

genetic disorder causes early hearing loss children due to lack protein called pendrin needed to keep salt levels balanced

45
Q

Where is the planum temporale?

A

Posterior to auditory cortex within Sylvian fissure, forms the heart of Wernicke’s Area

Cortical area in the brain, in the right and the left.

46
Q

Right ear advantage?

A

words are sent to both hemispheres
but language processed in (L)
thus word processed initially by right ear,
must then proceed to (L) via Corpus Collosum

47
Q

Signs of APD?

A

difficulty understanding speech in degraded situations (non-optimal environment/loud environment)
delayed, inconsistent, or inappropriate responses
misunderstanding
many requests for repetition
problems with auditory attention and localization
poor musical skills
associated reading, spelling, and learning problems

48
Q

What do we know about APD?

A

-Aud processing improves with age
-It’s cortical and complicated
-Probably not a sensory problem
-Probably more related to executive function, attention, and cognition

SLP 511: Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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