Neuro Anatomy of MemoryMemory Types, Strategies & Disorders

Question 1

What are the 2 types of memory?

Answer 1

1. Explicit
2. Implicit

Question 2

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 2

Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long Term Memory

Question 3

What are the 4 processes of memory?

Answer 3

1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval

Question 4

What is explicit/declarative memory?

Answer 4

Memories of fact
Stored facts and experiences
Can consciously be recalled

Question 5

What is implicit/procedural memory?

Answer 5

Remembering how to do something
Muscle memory
Lies below level of consciousness

Question 6

What are the types of explicit memory?

Answer 6

Episodic Memory - First-hand experiences we’ve had
Tested on the material
Recall memory
Recognition Memory Test – recognize if seen info before
Relearning how much quicker can learn forgotten info.

Semantic Memory- Our knowledge of facts and concepts in the world

Autobiographical memory-Includes episodic and semantic memory
Collection of memories specifically related to the self
These memories highly tied to perception of self at the time of the event

Question 7

What is sensory memory?

Answer 7

brief storage of sensory information, Includes a long term component but vividness fades quickly

Types Sensory Memory
Echoic Memory – retains info gathered via auditory sys
Iconic Memory – retains info gathered by sight
Haptic Memory – retains info gathered by touch

Eidetic imagery – photographic memory

Question 8

What is short-term memory?

Answer 8

Small amounts of information (attended to) can be kept for a few seconds (15 to 30 seconds) but generally less than a minute, information available to processed
Time and inattention reduce recall items STM
Estimate 5 to 9 items stored in STM, average 7
Theories if encoded acoustically it will likely store in STM, fade quickly unless information is rehearsed/repetition

Question 9

What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

Answer 9

Some researchers identify STM and Working Memory as synonymous
Some researchers say working memory is an aspect of STM
STM – super quick
Working Memory- slightly longer & involved in manipulation of information

Question 10

What is working memory?

Answer 10

an aspect of STM
the process we use to make sense of the stimuli - modify, interpret and store in STM; memory procedures rather than storage
Part of Executive Function system
Allows person to work with information without losing track of what they are doing
Also helps to organize new information into LTM

Question 11

What is long term memory?

Answer 11

Memory storage that can hold information for days, weeks, months or years
Capacity is large with no known limit
Decays slowly
Can become distorted over time
Information encoded semantically is primarily stored in LTM

Question 12

What is encoding?

Answer 12

Think about, analyze, use strategies

Question 13

What is consolidation?

Answer 13

Change STM into LTM

Question 14

What is storage?

Answer 14

Storage for future retrieval

Question 15

What is retrieval?

Answer 15

Process to access stored information
Can depend on how it was stored

Question 16

What causes forgetting?

Answer 16

Ineffective Encoding
Decay Theory
Interference Theory
Forgetting as Adaptation

Question 17

Describe the anatomy of the hippocampus?

Answer 17

In connection with temporal lobe associated with formation of long-term memory
Essential in memory consolidation

Question 18

What is the role of the amygdala?

Answer 18

Important for creation and recall of explicit and implicit memory

Function is to regulate emotions, thus emotions play a part in how memories are stored

Greater activation of amygdala in studies demonstrated higher probability of accurate recall

Question 19

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

Large role in implicit memory (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning)
Internal representations of the external world (allows navigate your home in the dark)

Question 20

Describe semantic memory?

Answer 20

Some researchers identify medial temporal lobes, hippocampus and fornix which encodes information and connects with area of cortex

Some researchers theorize that the limbic system which neighbors the hippocampus is more crucial for encoding and retrieval of semantic memories

Others suggest sematic memories retrieves from frontal cortex and stored in temporal lobe