NeuroAnatomy + Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
How much does the brain weight?
A
3 pounds
2
Q
How many neurons does the brain have?
A
86 billion neurons
3
Q
What does CNS stand for?
A
Central nervous system
4
Q
What is the purpose of the brain?
A
- seat of consciousness
- consumes 20% of oxygen in your blood
- your motivations, perceptions, desires, habits, decision making, judgment and dreams
5
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
Brain & spinal cord
6
Q
What makes up PNS?
A
Crainial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses in small intestine, sensory receptors in skin
7
Q
What are the general functions of the nervous system?
A
- sensory functions | detect
- integrative function | interpretation
- motor function | response
8
Q
What is the brain cushioned by when floating in the cranium?
A
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
9
Q
What are the two types of cells found in the brain?
A
Neurons & Gila
10
Q
Function of sensory receptors “detect” in the nervous system?
A
- Sensory receptors which detect stimuli and
stimulate action potential’s. GI tract, pH, volume,
pain, smell, vision, etc). Sensory neurons send AP
to the CNS.
11
Q
Integrative function “interpret” function in the nervous system?
A
- Occurs in the CNS (Brain or Spinal cord). After
detection, a signal is then out (routed) from the
CNS to an effector. Effectors can be muscles,
glands even other neurons.
12
Q
What does PNS stand for?
A
Peripheral nervous system
13
Q
Motor function “response” function in the nervous system?
A
- Effectors receive the AP from a motor neuron that
then generates a response. A motor response
could be muscle contraction or gland secretion.
14
Q
What does ANS stand for?
A
Autonomic nervous system?
15
Q
What are dendrites?
A
Receive signals from other neurons
16
Q
What is the “cell body” in the neuron?
A
Produces and packages neurotransmitters and sum potentials
17
Q
What is axon in a neuron?
A
Sends or propagates signals (AP) to other neurons. Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
18
Q
What is another reference for the cell body in the neuron?
A
SOMA
19
Q
What is the sausage looking structure in the neuron called?
A
Myelin
20
Q
What is the function of myelin sheath?
A
Carry signals much faster and longer distance. Is a component of many diseases
21
Q
What is the cause of white matters inside the brain?
A
Myelin
22
Q
What makes grey matter on the outside part of the brain?
A
Cell bodies of neurons
23
Q
Gray matter definition?
A
Nerve cell bodies
24
Q
White matter definition?
A
Myelinated axons of a neuron
25
Nerve fiber definition?
A single axon of a neuron?
26
Nucleus definition? What
Gray matter in CNS with performing a common function
27
Tract definition?
A bundle of axons in the CNS
28
Ganglion definition?
A cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS
29
Nerve definition?
A bundle of axons in the PNS
30
Where is ganglia located?
It sits on the outside of the spinal cord
31
What is a synapse?
When one neuron meets another
32
What type of neuron is this?
Anaxonic neuron
33
What type of neuron is this?
Multipolar neurons
34
What type of neuron is this?
Astrocytes
35
What are microglia & it’s functions?
1.They are immune cells that act as phagocytes. 2.Target and destroy pathogens.
3.Remove old nervous tissue.
36
What are ependymal cells & its functions?
1) Floats the brain and spinal cord
2) Circulates nutrients and gets rid of waste
3) Bathes brain and spinal cord
37
Functions of the spinal cord?
Conduction, neural integration, locomotion, and reflexes
38
Meaning of conduction?
Nerve Impulses (Interstate Analogy). Sending nerve impulses up to the brain
and from the brain to the spinal cord
39
Neural integration meaning?
Receiving signals from distal parts of the body and processing them.
40
Locomotion meaning?
Movement. Gait. Central Pattern Generator (CPG) found in the spinal cord.
41
Reflexes meaning?
Patellar, Babinsky. Pupillary dilation. 3 common properties A) Rapid
(milliseconds) B) involuntary C) stereotyped (the same stimulus produces the
same response). Sweating and shivering.
42
What is the structure that protects the spinal cord?
Spinal meninges & vertebrae
43
What is the structures that stabilize the spinal cord?
Denticulate ligaments & film terminals
44
What is the “Dura Mater” mean?
(tough mother)-
superficial most layer of the meninges
45
What does “Arachnoid Mater” mean?
(spider mother)-
web like pattern of connective tissue
46
What does “Pia Mater” mean?
(little mother)- sits directly
on top of the brain or spinal cord
47
What happens if you have a transection at your C1?
Death by asphyxiation (suffocation)
48
What happens if you have a transection in the c4 - c6 ?
Quadriplegia: paralysis of arms & legs
49
What happens if there’s an injury on your t1 and below?
Paraplegia: occurs when spinal cord is damaged below the cervical spine.
50
What is the “Phrenic nerve”
Enervates diaphragm
51
What does the cerebellum do?
coordinates
somatic motor function/
adjusts output of somatic
motor centers resulting in
smooth operation
52
What does the cerebrum do?
(telencephalon):
conscious thought
processes/intellectual
functions. memory storage/
conscious regulation of
skeletal muscle contractions
53
Identify 1
Lateral sulcus
54
Identify 2
Central sulcus
55
Identify 3
Parieto-occipital sulcus
56
Identify 4
Cerebellum
57
Identify 5
Pons
58
Identify 6
Medulla oblongata
59
Identify 7
Pituitary gland
60
Identify 8
Olfactory bulb
61
Identify 8
Olfactory bulb
62
Identify 9
Olfactory tract
63
Identify 10
Optic nerve
64
Identify 11
Optic chiasm
65
Identify 12
Optic tract
66
Association tract
Connections on the same side of the brain
67
Commissural tract
Relay from 1 hemisphere to another (right to left)
68
Projection tracts
connections from brainstem to the Cerebrum
69
Association tract example?
Fornix
70
Commissural tract example?
Corpus collosum
71
Projection tract example?
Cerebral peduncles & cerebellar peduncles
72
How many fibers does the central white matter have and what are they?
3 | association, comissural, and projection
73
Identify 1
Anterior cerebral
74
Identify 2
Internal carotid (cut)
75
Identify 3
Internal carotid (cut)
76
Identify 4
Middle cerebral
77
Identify 5
Pituitary gland
78
Identify 6
Posterior cerebral
79
Identify 7
Basilar
80
Identify 8
Vertebral
81
Identify 9
Anterior spinal
82
Identify 10
Posterior inferior cerebellar
83
Identify 11
Anterior inferior cerebellar
84
Identify 12
Labyrinthine
85
Identify 13 & 14
Pontine
86
Identify 15
Superior cerebellar
87
Identify 16
Posterior cerebral
88
Identify 17
Posterior communicating
89
Identify 18
Anterior cerebral
90
Identify 19
Anterior communicating
91
What does the blood brain barrier (BBB) do?
The BBB protects the brain from some harmful substances
92
What crosses the BBB?
H2O, O2, CO2, glucose, lipid rich substances
93
What doesn’t cross the BBB?
Polar substances, proteins
94
Where is the CSF produced?
Choroid plexuses
95
What is CSF?
Cerebrospinal fluid
96
What is the word cephalon always associated with?
Brain
97
What does the heart act like for the human body?
The body’s engine room | pumping blood into network of vessels
98
What are some of the responsibilities that the heart does?
- pumping blood through vessels
- keeps body supplied with oxygen
- clearing away harmful waste matter
99
What is the average size of the human heart?
About the size of the human fist
100
How many times does the heart beat on average per day?
100,000
101
Where is the heart located?
Between t2 - t4 and the xiohoid process
102
What does the heart sit above?
Diaphragm
103
What cavity contains the heart?
Pericardium cavity
104
Function of the pericardium
To anchor the heart to the diaphragm & absorbs shock and protects heart
105
What is the outside layer of the heart called?
Epicardium
106
What is the thick, largest layer of the heart that makes up 90% of heart?
Myocardium
107
What is the simple squamous epithelia layer in the heart?
Endocardium
108
What are the names inside of the right heart?
Right atrium & right ventricle
109
What are the names of the chambers on the left heart?
Left atrium & left ventricle
110
What part of the heart is the weak pump?
Top heart
111
What part of the heart is the strong pump?
Bottom heart
112
What is the functions of the “atria” system
Transport blood from atria to the ventricles
113
Functions of the ventricles?
Transport blood out of the heart to the
1) systemic circuit
or
2) pulmonary circuit
114
What is the function of the heart valves?
Prevents the back flow of blood
115
Function of aortic semilunar valve?
prevents backflow into the left Ventricle
116
Function of Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?
prevents backflow into the right Ventricle
117
Where are the atrioventricular valves located?
1) Between the Atrium and Ventricles (Right/ Left)
2) Bicuspid or Mitral (Left) | Tricuspid (Right)
118
Where do the chordae tendinae (heart strings) anchor into?
Papillary muscle
119
How many cusps to both the pulmonary and aortic have?
3 cusps
120
Identify 1
Superior vena cava
121
Identify 2
Auricle of right atrium
122
Identify 3
Right atrium
123
Identify 4
Right coronary artery
124
Identify 5
Conus arteriosus brevis
125
Identify 6
Right ventricle vein
126
Identify 7
Right ventricle artery
127
Identify 8
Right marginal artery
128
Identify 9
Right ventricle
129
Identify 10
Apex
130
Identify 11
Left ventricle
131
Identify 12
Great cardiac vein
132
Identify 13
Anterior interventricular artery
133
Identify 14
Diagonal artery
134
Identify 15
Left marginal artery
135
Identify 16
Left coronary artery
136
Identify 17
Auricle of left atrium
137
Identify 18
Pulmonary trunk
138
Identify 19
Pericardium (cut away)
139
Identify 20
Left pulmonary artery
140
Identify 21
Aorta
141
identify 13
anterior/posterior rootlets
142
identify 14
denticulate ligament
143
identify 10
pia mater
144
identify 11
arachnoid mater
145
identify 12
dura mater
146
identify 8
posterior median sulcus
147
identify 7
anterior median fissure
148
identify 6
posterior white column
149
identify 5
lateral white column
150
identify 4
anterior white column
151
identify 3
gray commissure
152
identify 2
posterior gray horn
153
identify 1
anterior gray horn
154
identify 13
anterior/posterior rootlets
155
identify 15
anterior/posterior roots
156
identify 16
posterior root ganglion
157
identify 1
frontal vein
158
identify 2
external carotid artery
159
identify 3
common carotid
160
identify 4
suprascapular artery
161
identify 5
vertebral artery
162
identify 6
internal jugular vein
163
identify 7
occipital artery
164
identify 8
superficial temporal vein/artery
165
identify 1
thoracoacromial artery
166
identify 2
cephalic vein
167
identify 3
axillary artery and vein
168
identify 4
basilic vein
169
identify 5
right subclavian
170
identify 1
radial artery
171
identify 2
ulnar artery
172
identify 3
left subclavian
173
identify 1
sup. medial genicular artery
174
identify 2
sup. lateral genicular artery
175
identify 3
inf. lateral genicular artery
176
identify 4
inf. medial genicular artery
177
identify 5
small saphenous vein
178
identify 6
great saphenous vein
179
identify 7
anterior tibial artery
180
identify 8
posterior tibial artery
181
identify 9
popliteal artery/vein
182
identify 10
popliteal artery/vein
183
identify 11
deep femoral artery
184
identify 12
femoral artery
185
identify 1
cervical plexus
186
identify 2
phrenic nerve
187
identify 3
brachial plexus
188
identify 4
olfactory bulb
189
identify 5
optic chiasm
190
identify 6
pons
191
identify 7
segmental nerve
192
Identify 8
Right sympathetic chain ganglion
193
identify 9 & 10
intercostal nerves
194
identify 11
intercostal nerve
195
identify 12
genitofemoral nerve
196
identify 13
obturator nerve
197
identify 14
sciatic nerve
198
identify 15
sacral plexus
199
identify 16
femoral nerve
200
identify 17
lumbar plexus
201
identify 18
cauda equina
202
identify 19
conus medullaris
203
identify 1
cillary muscle
204
identify 2
cillary body
205
identify 3
retina
206
identify 4
macula and fovea capitis
207
identify 5
blind spot
208
identify 6
optic nerve
209
identify 7
lateral rectus
210
identify 8
superior rectus
211
identify 9
sclera
212
identify 10
medial rectus
213
identify 11
iris w/ pupil
214
identify 12
inferior oblique
215
identify 13
choroid layer
216
identify 14
iris
217
identify 15
pupil
218
identify 16
lens
219
identify 17
vitreous chamber
220
identify 1
ascending aorta
221
identify 2
right auricle
222
identify 3
right coronary artery
223
identify 4
apex
224
identify 5
left coronary artery
225
identify 6
left auricle
226
identify 7
pulmonary trunk
227
identify 8
aortic arch
228
identify 9
left subclavian artery
229
identify 10
left common carotid artery
230
identify 11
brachiocephalic artery
231
identify 1
semilunar pulmonary valve
232
identify 2
right ventricle
233
identify 3
tricuspid valve
234
identify 4
myocardium
235
identify 5
papillary muscle
236
identify 6
ventricular septum
237
identify 7
chordae tendineae
238
identify 8
bicuspid valve
239
identify 9
left ventricle
240
identify 10
aortic semilunar valve
241
identify 1
great cardiac vein
242
identify 2
circumflex artery
243
identify 3
left pulmonary arteries
244
identify 1
coronary sinus
245
identify 2
right coronary artery
246
identify 3
inferior vena cava
247
identify 4
pulmonary veins
248
identify 5
superior vena cava
249
how many seconds does it take for a RBC to circulate through the entire body?
20 seconds
250
what is the average life span on a RBC?
4 months
251
what is blood pressure of 95 mm
highest heart the aorta
252
blood pressure of 80 mm?
hg arteries
253
blood pressure 35 mm?
hg arterioles
254
blood pressure 15 mm?
hg venules
255
blood pressure 10 mm?
hg veins
256
blood pressure 5 mm?
hg vena cava
257
what is the purpose of blood?
1. provides the cells & tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
2. removes co2
3. gas exchange only happens in the capillaries
258
function of arteries?
1. move oxygen rich blood away from heart
2. large diameter, thicker wall, no valves
3. exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary arteries
259
function of veins?
1. move oxygen poor blood to the heart
2. smaller diameter, thinner walls, contains valves
3. exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary veins
260
function of capillaries?
1. very thin blood vessels (order of microns)
2. small diameter
3. allows exchanging of o2, co2
4. transports o2 rich and o2 poor blood
261
where is most of your blood located in?
veins
262
how much blood is in the heart?
7%
263
how much blood is in the pulmonary vessels?
9%
264
how much blood in systemic arteries and arterioles?
13%
265
how much blood in systemic capillaries?
7%
266
how much blood in systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) ?
64%
267
what is the tunica externa?
most superficial later made of elastic CT. (elastic lamella)
268
what is the tunica media?
smooth muscle layer
269
what is the tunica interna?
most internal, made of simple squamous epithelia in contact with blood
270
where are tunica and externa and media thicker in?
arteries
271
what do capillaries only contain?
tunica interna
272
what is elastic arteries known to help with?
high blood pressure | more elastic CT = storage reservoir for mechanical energy
273
what does the most common type of artery contain?
reinforced tunica media
274
what are examples of reinforced tunica media?
brachial and radial arteries in the arm
275
what is the function/importance of anastomosis?
reroute blood to an organ or tissue
276
what are arterioles?
very small arteries
277
what are metarterioles and it’s function?
distal most part of arterioles that leads into capillary bed
278
what is precapillary sphincters and it’s function?
allows blood flow to be blocked to specific area. surrounded by smooth muscle. act as shunts
279
position of the heart within thoracic cavity?
center of thoracic cavity
280
identify the great vessels that carry oxygen rich blood?
pulmonary veins, aorta, capillaries
281
systole
phase of heartbeat when heart muscle contracts
282
diastole
when heartbeat relaxes and allows chamber to fill with blood
283
that causes the opening of the aortic semilunar valve?
left ventricle
284
what causes closing of the aortic semilunar valve?
ventricular pressure & pulmonary artery
285
what causes the first heart sound “lub”
atrioventricular valves
286
what causes the second heart sound “dub”
closure of semilunar valves following ventricular system
287
what are the first vessels to receive blood after it enters the aorta from the heart through the aortic semilunar valve?
coronary arteries
288
define atherosclerosis
a common condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries
289
what causes angina pectoris?
reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
290
what is a myocardial infarction?
when one or more areas of the heart muscle don’t get enough oxygen
291
define heart failure
when the heart doesn’t pump as well as it used to
292
what is more dangerous? atrial or ventricular fibrillation? why?
ventricular fibrillation due to causing immediate cardiac arrest
293
what makes the aorta an elastic artery?
contains more elastic CT than muscle arteries
294
define vasa vasorum
vessels of vessels
295
define anastomoses
connects two body channels together, such being as blood vessels
296
continuous capillary
smallest blood vessel in vascular system
297
fenestrated capillaries
tiny opening, or pores found in kidneys, pancreas and intestines
298
sinusoids capillaries
large gaps and holes. found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes
299
role of pre capillary sphincters i’m a capillary bed
increase and decrease flow depending on body’s needs
300
purpose of hepatic portal system
return blood from digestive tract and spleen to the liver
301
tonic receptors
slow adapting receptors
302
physic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors
303
example of sensory modality utilizing tonic receptors
joint capsule, pain receptors, muscle spindle
304
example of sensory modality utilizing physic receptors
hair, lamellated capsules, tactile discs
305
chemoreceptors location
peripheral and CNS
306
thermoreceptors location
skin, liver, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus
307
photoreceptors location
retina
308
mechanoreceptors location
skin
309
baroreceptors
carotid sinuses and aortic arch
310
nociceptors location
muscle, joints, bone and viscera
311
tactile receptors located?
fingertips and eyelids
312
where are tastebuds located?
tongue
313
do all lingual papillae contain taste buds?
no
314
which lingual papillae does not contain taste buds
filiform
315
what facial nerves carry sensory information from taste buds to the CNS?
facial nerves, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
316
olfaction?
sense of smell
317
purpose of middle ear and ossicles?
sound waves transfer into the inner ear for auditory transcription
318
actions of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
reduces the amount of sound that gets into inner ear
319
what type of sensory information stimulates the vestibule
when our head moves
320
what type of sensory information stimulates the semicircular canals
rotation of the head
321
function of fovea central is
sharp central vision
322
function of macula lutea
process light signals that allows us to do fine work
323
how is the embryonic origin of the retina different from the rest of the eye?
they originate from the anterior neural plate
324
gustatation
sensory detection of food on the tongue
325
pre synapic
sending neurons
326
post synaptic
receiving neurons
327
which predominates the NS? neurons or neuroglia?
neuroglia
328
astrocytes are apart of what system? and what do they do
CNS , forms BBB
329
satellite cells origin and function
PNS , muscle regeneration throughout lifespan
330
oligodendrocytes origin and function
CNS , generation of myles sheath that surrounds axons
331
schwann cells origin and function
PNS , development, matinence, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves
332
microglia origin and function
CNS , immune cells as phagocytes
333
function of CSF?
shock absorber for the brain against skull. allows brain and spinal to become buoyant
334
position of pineal gland
deep in the middle of the brain.
335
what does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
336
Olfactory nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Sensory. Olfactory epithelia. Ethmoid. Sense of smell from nasal cavity
337
Optic nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Sensory. Retina. Optic chiasm. Sends info to occipital and visceral processing center
338
Ocolomotor nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Motor. Cerebral penduncles. Cavernous sinus. Controls all the eyelid recuts muscles
339
Trochlear nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Motor. Inferior colliculus. Orbital fissure. Controls superior oblique muscle
340
Trigeminal nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Both. Cerebral penduncles. Foramen rontundom and Foramen ovale. Special visceral efferent.
