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Anatomy > NeuroAnatomy + Cardiovascular > Flashcards

NeuroAnatomy + Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the brain weight?

A

3 pounds

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2
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

86 billion neurons

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3
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the brain?

A
  • seat of consciousness
  • consumes 20% of oxygen in your blood
  • your motivations, perceptions, desires, habits, decision making, judgment and dreams
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5
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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6
Q

What makes up PNS?

A

Crainial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses in small intestine, sensory receptors in skin

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7
Q

What are the general functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory functions | detect
  • integrative function | interpretation
  • motor function | response
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8
Q

What is the brain cushioned by when floating in the cranium?

A

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

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9
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the brain?

A

Neurons & Gila

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10
Q

Function of sensory receptors “detect” in the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory receptors which detect stimuli and
    stimulate action potential’s. GI tract, pH, volume,
    pain, smell, vision, etc). Sensory neurons send AP
    to the CNS.
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11
Q

Integrative function “interpret” function in the nervous system?

A
  • Occurs in the CNS (Brain or Spinal cord). After
    detection, a signal is then out (routed) from the
    CNS to an effector. Effectors can be muscles,
    glands even other neurons.
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12
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

Motor function “response” function in the nervous system?

A
  • Effectors receive the AP from a motor neuron that
    then generates a response. A motor response
    could be muscle contraction or gland secretion.
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14
Q

What does ANS stand for?

A

Autonomic nervous system?

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15
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Receive signals from other neurons

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16
Q

What is the “cell body” in the neuron?

A

Produces and packages neurotransmitters and sum potentials

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17
Q

What is axon in a neuron?

A

Sends or propagates signals (AP) to other neurons. Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

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18
Q

What is another reference for the cell body in the neuron?

A

SOMA

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19
Q

What is the sausage looking structure in the neuron called?

A

Myelin

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20
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A

Carry signals much faster and longer distance. Is a component of many diseases

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21
Q

What is the cause of white matters inside the brain?

A

Myelin

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22
Q

What makes grey matter on the outside part of the brain?

A

Cell bodies of neurons

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23
Q

Gray matter definition?

A

Nerve cell bodies

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24
Q

White matter definition?

A

Myelinated axons of a neuron

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25
Q

Nerve fiber definition?

A

A single axon of a neuron?

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26
Q

Nucleus definition? What

A

Gray matter in CNS with performing a common function

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27
Q

Tract definition?

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

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28
Q

Ganglion definition?

A

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS

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29
Q

Nerve definition?

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

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30
Q

Where is ganglia located?

A

It sits on the outside of the spinal cord

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31
Q

What is a synapse?

A

When one neuron meets another

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32
Q

What type of neuron is this?

A

Anaxonic neuron

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33
Q

What type of neuron is this?

A

Multipolar neurons

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34
Q

What type of neuron is this?

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

What are microglia & it’s functions?

A

1.They are immune cells that act as phagocytes. 2.Target and destroy pathogens.
3.Remove old nervous tissue.

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36
Q

What are ependymal cells & its functions?

A

1) Floats the brain and spinal cord
2) Circulates nutrients and gets rid of waste
3) Bathes brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Functions of the spinal cord?

A

Conduction, neural integration, locomotion, and reflexes

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38
Q

Meaning of conduction?

A

Nerve Impulses (Interstate Analogy). Sending nerve impulses up to the brain
and from the brain to the spinal cord

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39
Q

Neural integration meaning?

A

Receiving signals from distal parts of the body and processing them.

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40
Q

Locomotion meaning?

A

Movement. Gait. Central Pattern Generator (CPG) found in the spinal cord.

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41
Q

Reflexes meaning?

A

Patellar, Babinsky. Pupillary dilation. 3 common properties A) Rapid
(milliseconds) B) involuntary C) stereotyped (the same stimulus produces the
same response). Sweating and shivering.

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42
Q

What is the structure that protects the spinal cord?

A

Spinal meninges & vertebrae

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43
Q

What is the structures that stabilize the spinal cord?

A

Denticulate ligaments & film terminals

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44
Q

What is the “Dura Mater” mean?

A

(tough mother)-
superficial most layer of the meninges

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45
Q

What does “Arachnoid Mater” mean?

A

(spider mother)-
web like pattern of connective tissue

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46
Q

What does “Pia Mater” mean?

A

(little mother)- sits directly
on top of the brain or spinal cord

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47
Q

What happens if you have a transection at your C1?

A

Death by asphyxiation (suffocation)

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48
Q

What happens if you have a transection in the c4 - c6 ?

A

Quadriplegia: paralysis of arms & legs

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49
Q

What happens if there’s an injury on your t1 and below?

A

Paraplegia: occurs when spinal cord is damaged below the cervical spine.

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50
Q

What is the “Phrenic nerve”

A

Enervates diaphragm

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51
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinates
somatic motor function/
adjusts output of somatic
motor centers resulting in
smooth operation

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52
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

(telencephalon):
conscious thought
processes/intellectual
functions. memory storage/
conscious regulation of
skeletal muscle contractions

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53
Q

Identify 1

A

Lateral sulcus

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54
Q

Identify 2

A

Central sulcus

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55
Q

Identify 3

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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56
Q

Identify 4

A

Cerebellum

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57
Q

Identify 5

A

Pons

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58
Q

Identify 6

A

Medulla oblongata

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59
Q

Identify 7

A

Pituitary gland

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60
Q

Identify 8

A

Olfactory bulb

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61
Q

Identify 8

A

Olfactory bulb

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62
Q

Identify 9

A

Olfactory tract

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63
Q

Identify 10

A

Optic nerve

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64
Q

Identify 11

A

Optic chiasm

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65
Q

Identify 12

A

Optic tract

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66
Q

Association tract

A

Connections on the same side of the brain

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67
Q

Commissural tract

A

Relay from 1 hemisphere to another (right to left)

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68
Q

Projection tracts

A

connections from brainstem to the Cerebrum

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69
Q

Association tract example?

A

Fornix

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70
Q

Commissural tract example?

A

Corpus collosum

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71
Q

Projection tract example?

A

Cerebral peduncles & cerebellar peduncles

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72
Q

How many fibers does the central white matter have and what are they?

A

3 | association, comissural, and projection

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73
Q

Identify 1

A

Anterior cerebral

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74
Q

Identify 2

A

Internal carotid (cut)

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75
Q

Identify 3

A

Internal carotid (cut)

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76
Q

Identify 4

A

Middle cerebral

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77
Q

Identify 5

A

Pituitary gland

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78
Q

Identify 6

A

Posterior cerebral

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79
Q

Identify 7

A

Basilar

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80
Q

Identify 8

A

Vertebral

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81
Q

Identify 9

A

Anterior spinal

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82
Q

Identify 10

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar

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83
Q

Identify 11

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar

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84
Q

Identify 12

A

Labyrinthine

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85
Q

Identify 13 & 14

A

Pontine

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86
Q

Identify 15

A

Superior cerebellar

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87
Q

Identify 16

A

Posterior cerebral

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88
Q

Identify 17

A

Posterior communicating

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89
Q

Identify 18

A

Anterior cerebral

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90
Q

Identify 19

A

Anterior communicating

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91
Q

What does the blood brain barrier (BBB) do?

A

The BBB protects the brain from some harmful substances

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92
Q

What crosses the BBB?

A

H2O, O2, CO2, glucose, lipid rich substances

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93
Q

What doesn’t cross the BBB?

A

Polar substances, proteins

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94
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses

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95
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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96
Q

What is the word cephalon always associated with?

A

Brain

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97
Q

What does the heart act like for the human body?

A

The body’s engine room | pumping blood into network of vessels

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98
Q

What are some of the responsibilities that the heart does?

A
  • pumping blood through vessels
  • keeps body supplied with oxygen
  • clearing away harmful waste matter
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99
Q

What is the average size of the human heart?

A

About the size of the human fist

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100
Q

How many times does the heart beat on average per day?

A

100,000

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101
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Between t2 - t4 and the xiohoid process

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102
Q

What does the heart sit above?

A

Diaphragm

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103
Q

What cavity contains the heart?

A

Pericardium cavity

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104
Q

Function of the pericardium

A

To anchor the heart to the diaphragm & absorbs shock and protects heart

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105
Q

What is the outside layer of the heart called?

A

Epicardium

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106
Q

What is the thick, largest layer of the heart that makes up 90% of heart?

A

Myocardium

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107
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelia layer in the heart?

A

Endocardium

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108
Q

What are the names inside of the right heart?

A

Right atrium & right ventricle

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109
Q

What are the names of the chambers on the left heart?

A

Left atrium & left ventricle

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110
Q

What part of the heart is the weak pump?

A

Top heart

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111
Q

What part of the heart is the strong pump?

A

Bottom heart

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112
Q

What is the functions of the “atria” system

A

Transport blood from atria to the ventricles

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113
Q

Functions of the ventricles?

A

Transport blood out of the heart to the
1) systemic circuit
or
2) pulmonary circuit

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114
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

Prevents the back flow of blood

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115
Q

Function of aortic semilunar valve?

A

prevents backflow into the left Ventricle

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116
Q

Function of Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?

A

prevents backflow into the right Ventricle

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117
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

1) Between the Atrium and Ventricles (Right/ Left)
2) Bicuspid or Mitral (Left) | Tricuspid (Right)

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118
Q

Where do the chordae tendinae (heart strings) anchor into?

A

Papillary muscle

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119
Q

How many cusps to both the pulmonary and aortic have?

A

3 cusps

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120
Q

Identify 1

A

Superior vena cava

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121
Q

Identify 2

A

Auricle of right atrium

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122
Q

Identify 3

A

Right atrium

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123
Q

Identify 4

A

Right coronary artery

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124
Q

Identify 5

A

Conus arteriosus brevis

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125
Q

Identify 6

A

Right ventricle vein

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126
Q

Identify 7

A

Right ventricle artery

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127
Q

Identify 8

A

Right marginal artery

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128
Q

Identify 9

A

Right ventricle

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129
Q

Identify 10

A

Apex

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130
Q

Identify 11

A

Left ventricle

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131
Q

Identify 12

A

Great cardiac vein

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132
Q

Identify 13

A

Anterior interventricular artery

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133
Q

Identify 14

A

Diagonal artery

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134
Q

Identify 15

A

Left marginal artery

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135
Q

Identify 16

A

Left coronary artery

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136
Q

Identify 17

A

Auricle of left atrium

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137
Q

Identify 18

A

Pulmonary trunk

138
Q

Identify 19

A

Pericardium (cut away)

139
Q

Identify 20

A

Left pulmonary artery

140
Q

Identify 21

A

Aorta

141
Q

identify 13

A

anterior/posterior rootlets

142
Q

identify 14

A

denticulate ligament

143
Q

identify 10

A

pia mater

144
Q

identify 11

A

arachnoid mater

145
Q

identify 12

A

dura mater

146
Q

identify 8

A

posterior median sulcus

147
Q

identify 7

A

anterior median fissure

148
Q

identify 6

A

posterior white column

149
Q

identify 5

A

lateral white column

150
Q

identify 4

A

anterior white column

151
Q

identify 3

A

gray commissure

152
Q

identify 2

A

posterior gray horn

153
Q

identify 1

A

anterior gray horn

154
Q

identify 13

A

anterior/posterior rootlets

155
Q

identify 15

A

anterior/posterior roots

156
Q

identify 16

A

posterior root ganglion

157
Q

identify 1

A

frontal vein

158
Q

identify 2

A

external carotid artery

159
Q

identify 3

A

common carotid

160
Q

identify 4

A

suprascapular artery

161
Q

identify 5

A

vertebral artery

162
Q

identify 6

A

internal jugular vein

163
Q

identify 7

A

occipital artery

164
Q

identify 8

A

superficial temporal vein/artery

165
Q

identify 1

A

thoracoacromial artery

166
Q

identify 2

A

cephalic vein

167
Q

identify 3

A

axillary artery and vein

168
Q

identify 4

A

basilic vein

169
Q

identify 5

A

right subclavian

170
Q

identify 1

A

radial artery

171
Q

identify 2

A

ulnar artery

172
Q

identify 3

A

left subclavian

173
Q

identify 1

A

sup. medial genicular artery

174
Q

identify 2

A

sup. lateral genicular artery

175
Q

identify 3

A

inf. lateral genicular artery

176
Q

identify 4

A

inf. medial genicular artery

177
Q

identify 5

A

small saphenous vein

178
Q

identify 6

A

great saphenous vein

179
Q

identify 7

A

anterior tibial artery

180
Q

identify 8

A

posterior tibial artery

181
Q

identify 9

A

popliteal artery/vein

182
Q

identify 10

A

popliteal artery/vein

183
Q

identify 11

A

deep femoral artery

184
Q

identify 12

A

femoral artery

185
Q

identify 1

A

cervical plexus

186
Q

identify 2

A

phrenic nerve

187
Q

identify 3

A

brachial plexus

188
Q

identify 4

A

olfactory bulb

189
Q

identify 5

A

optic chiasm

190
Q

identify 6

A

pons

191
Q

identify 7

A

segmental nerve

192
Q

Identify 8

A

Right sympathetic chain ganglion

193
Q

identify 9 & 10

A

intercostal nerves

194
Q

identify 11

A

intercostal nerve

195
Q

identify 12

A

genitofemoral nerve

196
Q

identify 13

A

obturator nerve

197
Q

identify 14

A

sciatic nerve

198
Q

identify 15

A

sacral plexus

199
Q

identify 16

A

femoral nerve

200
Q

identify 17

A

lumbar plexus

201
Q

identify 18

A

cauda equina

202
Q

identify 19

A

conus medullaris

203
Q

identify 1

A

cillary muscle

204
Q

identify 2

A

cillary body

205
Q

identify 3

A

retina

206
Q

identify 4

A

macula and fovea capitis

207
Q

identify 5

A

blind spot

208
Q

identify 6

A

optic nerve

209
Q

identify 7

A

lateral rectus

210
Q

identify 8

A

superior rectus

211
Q

identify 9

A

sclera

212
Q

identify 10

A

medial rectus

213
Q

identify 11

A

iris w/ pupil

214
Q

identify 12

A

inferior oblique

215
Q

identify 13

A

choroid layer

216
Q

identify 14

A

iris

217
Q

identify 15

A

pupil

218
Q

identify 16

A

lens

219
Q

identify 17

A

vitreous chamber

220
Q

identify 1

A

ascending aorta

221
Q

identify 2

A

right auricle

222
Q

identify 3

A

right coronary artery

223
Q

identify 4

A

apex

224
Q

identify 5

A

left coronary artery

225
Q

identify 6

A

left auricle

226
Q

identify 7

A

pulmonary trunk

227
Q

identify 8

A

aortic arch

228
Q

identify 9

A

left subclavian artery

229
Q

identify 10

A

left common carotid artery

230
Q

identify 11

A

brachiocephalic artery

231
Q

identify 1

A

semilunar pulmonary valve

232
Q

identify 2

A

right ventricle

233
Q

identify 3

A

tricuspid valve

234
Q

identify 4

A

myocardium

235
Q

identify 5

A

papillary muscle

236
Q

identify 6

A

ventricular septum

237
Q

identify 7

A

chordae tendineae

238
Q

identify 8

A

bicuspid valve

239
Q

identify 9

A

left ventricle

240
Q

identify 10

A

aortic semilunar valve

241
Q

identify 1

A

great cardiac vein

242
Q

identify 2

A

circumflex artery

243
Q

identify 3

A

left pulmonary arteries

244
Q

identify 1

A

coronary sinus

245
Q

identify 2

A

right coronary artery

246
Q

identify 3

A

inferior vena cava

247
Q

identify 4

A

pulmonary veins

248
Q

identify 5

A

superior vena cava

249
Q

how many seconds does it take for a RBC to circulate through the entire body?

A

20 seconds

250
Q

what is the average life span on a RBC?

A

4 months

251
Q

what is blood pressure of 95 mm

A

highest heart the aorta

252
Q

blood pressure of 80 mm?

A

hg arteries

253
Q

blood pressure 35 mm?

A

hg arterioles

254
Q

blood pressure 15 mm?

A

hg venules

255
Q

blood pressure 10 mm?

A

hg veins

256
Q

blood pressure 5 mm?

A

hg vena cava

257
Q

what is the purpose of blood?

A
  1. provides the cells & tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
  2. removes co2
  3. gas exchange only happens in the capillaries
258
Q

function of arteries?

A
  1. move oxygen rich blood away from heart
  2. large diameter, thicker wall, no valves
  3. exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary arteries
259
Q

function of veins?

A
  1. move oxygen poor blood to the heart
  2. smaller diameter, thinner walls, contains valves
  3. exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary veins
260
Q

function of capillaries?

A
  1. very thin blood vessels (order of microns)
  2. small diameter
  3. allows exchanging of o2, co2
  4. transports o2 rich and o2 poor blood
261
Q

where is most of your blood located in?

A

veins

262
Q

how much blood is in the heart?

A

7%

263
Q

how much blood is in the pulmonary vessels?

A

9%

264
Q

how much blood in systemic arteries and arterioles?

A

13%

265
Q

how much blood in systemic capillaries?

A

7%

266
Q

how much blood in systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) ?

A

64%

267
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

most superficial later made of elastic CT. (elastic lamella)

268
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

smooth muscle layer

269
Q

what is the tunica interna?

A

most internal, made of simple squamous epithelia in contact with blood

270
Q

where are tunica and externa and media thicker in?

A

arteries

271
Q

what do capillaries only contain?

A

tunica interna

272
Q

what is elastic arteries known to help with?

A

high blood pressure | more elastic CT = storage reservoir for mechanical energy

273
Q

what does the most common type of artery contain?

A

reinforced tunica media

274
Q

what are examples of reinforced tunica media?

A

brachial and radial arteries in the arm

275
Q

what is the function/importance of anastomosis?

A

reroute blood to an organ or tissue

276
Q

what are arterioles?

A

very small arteries

277
Q

what are metarterioles and it’s function?

A

distal most part of arterioles that leads into capillary bed

278
Q

what is precapillary sphincters and it’s function?

A

allows blood flow to be blocked to specific area. surrounded by smooth muscle. act as shunts

279
Q

position of the heart within thoracic cavity?

A

center of thoracic cavity

280
Q

identify the great vessels that carry oxygen rich blood?

A

pulmonary veins, aorta, capillaries

281
Q

systole

A

phase of heartbeat when heart muscle contracts

282
Q

diastole

A

when heartbeat relaxes and allows chamber to fill with blood

283
Q

that causes the opening of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

left ventricle

284
Q

what causes closing of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

ventricular pressure & pulmonary artery

285
Q

what causes the first heart sound “lub”

A

atrioventricular valves

286
Q

what causes the second heart sound “dub”

A

closure of semilunar valves following ventricular system

287
Q

what are the first vessels to receive blood after it enters the aorta from the heart through the aortic semilunar valve?

A

coronary arteries

288
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

a common condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries

289
Q

what causes angina pectoris?

A

reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

290
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

when one or more areas of the heart muscle don’t get enough oxygen

291
Q

define heart failure

A

when the heart doesn’t pump as well as it used to

292
Q

what is more dangerous? atrial or ventricular fibrillation? why?

A

ventricular fibrillation due to causing immediate cardiac arrest

293
Q

what makes the aorta an elastic artery?

A

contains more elastic CT than muscle arteries

294
Q

define vasa vasorum

A

vessels of vessels

295
Q

define anastomoses

A

connects two body channels together, such being as blood vessels

296
Q

continuous capillary

A

smallest blood vessel in vascular system

297
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

tiny opening, or pores found in kidneys, pancreas and intestines

298
Q

sinusoids capillaries

A

large gaps and holes. found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes

299
Q

role of pre capillary sphincters i’m a capillary bed

A

increase and decrease flow depending on body’s needs

300
Q

purpose of hepatic portal system

A

return blood from digestive tract and spleen to the liver

301
Q

tonic receptors

A

slow adapting receptors

302
Q

physic receptors

A

rapidly adapting receptors

303
Q

example of sensory modality utilizing tonic receptors

A

joint capsule, pain receptors, muscle spindle

304
Q

example of sensory modality utilizing physic receptors

A

hair, lamellated capsules, tactile discs

305
Q

chemoreceptors location

A

peripheral and CNS

306
Q

thermoreceptors location

A

skin, liver, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus

307
Q

photoreceptors location

A

retina

308
Q

mechanoreceptors location

A

skin

309
Q

baroreceptors

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

310
Q

nociceptors location

A

muscle, joints, bone and viscera

311
Q

tactile receptors located?

A

fingertips and eyelids

312
Q

where are tastebuds located?

A

tongue

313
Q

do all lingual papillae contain taste buds?

A

no

314
Q

which lingual papillae does not contain taste buds

A

filiform

315
Q

what facial nerves carry sensory information from taste buds to the CNS?

A

facial nerves, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

316
Q

olfaction?

A

sense of smell

317
Q

purpose of middle ear and ossicles?

A

sound waves transfer into the inner ear for auditory transcription

318
Q

actions of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

A

reduces the amount of sound that gets into inner ear

319
Q

what type of sensory information stimulates the vestibule

A

when our head moves

320
Q

what type of sensory information stimulates the semicircular canals

A

rotation of the head

321
Q

function of fovea central is

A

sharp central vision

322
Q

function of macula lutea

A

process light signals that allows us to do fine work

323
Q

how is the embryonic origin of the retina different from the rest of the eye?

A

they originate from the anterior neural plate

324
Q

gustatation

A

sensory detection of food on the tongue

325
Q

pre synapic

A

sending neurons

326
Q

post synaptic

A

receiving neurons

327
Q

which predominates the NS? neurons or neuroglia?

A

neuroglia

328
Q

astrocytes are apart of what system? and what do they do

A

CNS , forms BBB

329
Q

satellite cells origin and function

A

PNS , muscle regeneration throughout lifespan

330
Q

oligodendrocytes origin and function

A

CNS , generation of myles sheath that surrounds axons

331
Q

schwann cells origin and function

A

PNS , development, matinence, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves

332
Q

microglia origin and function

A

CNS , immune cells as phagocytes

333
Q

function of CSF?

A

shock absorber for the brain against skull. allows brain and spinal to become buoyant

334
Q

position of pineal gland

A

deep in the middle of the brain.

335
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

336
Q

Olfactory nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?

A

Sensory. Olfactory epithelia. Ethmoid. Sense of smell from nasal cavity

337
Q

Optic nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?

A

Sensory. Retina. Optic chiasm. Sends info to occipital and visceral processing center

338
Q

Ocolomotor nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?

A

Motor. Cerebral penduncles. Cavernous sinus. Controls all the eyelid recuts muscles

339
Q

Trochlear nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?

A

Motor. Inferior colliculus. Orbital fissure. Controls superior oblique muscle

340
Q

Trigeminal nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?

A

Both. Cerebral penduncles. Foramen rontundom and Foramen ovale. Special visceral efferent.

Anatomy (8 decks)

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