NeuroAnatomy + Cardiovascular Flashcards
How much does the brain weight?
3 pounds
How many neurons does the brain have?
86 billion neurons
What does CNS stand for?
Central nervous system
What is the purpose of the brain?
- seat of consciousness
- consumes 20% of oxygen in your blood
- your motivations, perceptions, desires, habits, decision making, judgment and dreams
What makes up the CNS?
Brain & spinal cord
What makes up PNS?
Crainial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses in small intestine, sensory receptors in skin
What are the general functions of the nervous system?
- sensory functions | detect
- integrative function | interpretation
- motor function | response
What is the brain cushioned by when floating in the cranium?
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
What are the two types of cells found in the brain?
Neurons & Gila
Function of sensory receptors “detect” in the nervous system?
- Sensory receptors which detect stimuli and
stimulate action potential’s. GI tract, pH, volume,
pain, smell, vision, etc). Sensory neurons send AP
to the CNS.
Integrative function “interpret” function in the nervous system?
- Occurs in the CNS (Brain or Spinal cord). After
detection, a signal is then out (routed) from the
CNS to an effector. Effectors can be muscles,
glands even other neurons.
What does PNS stand for?
Peripheral nervous system
Motor function “response” function in the nervous system?
- Effectors receive the AP from a motor neuron that
then generates a response. A motor response
could be muscle contraction or gland secretion.
What does ANS stand for?
Autonomic nervous system?
What are dendrites?
Receive signals from other neurons
What is the “cell body” in the neuron?
Produces and packages neurotransmitters and sum potentials
What is axon in a neuron?
Sends or propagates signals (AP) to other neurons. Releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
What is another reference for the cell body in the neuron?
SOMA
What is the sausage looking structure in the neuron called?
Myelin
What is the function of myelin sheath?
Carry signals much faster and longer distance. Is a component of many diseases
What is the cause of white matters inside the brain?
Myelin
What makes grey matter on the outside part of the brain?
Cell bodies of neurons
Gray matter definition?
Nerve cell bodies
White matter definition?
Myelinated axons of a neuron
Nerve fiber definition?
A single axon of a neuron?
Nucleus definition? What
Gray matter in CNS with performing a common function
Tract definition?
A bundle of axons in the CNS
Ganglion definition?
A cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS
Nerve definition?
A bundle of axons in the PNS
Where is ganglia located?
It sits on the outside of the spinal cord
What is a synapse?
When one neuron meets another
What type of neuron is this?
Anaxonic neuron
What type of neuron is this?
Multipolar neurons
What type of neuron is this?
Astrocytes
What are microglia & it’s functions?
1.They are immune cells that act as phagocytes. 2.Target and destroy pathogens.
3.Remove old nervous tissue.
What are ependymal cells & its functions?
1) Floats the brain and spinal cord
2) Circulates nutrients and gets rid of waste
3) Bathes brain and spinal cord
Functions of the spinal cord?
Conduction, neural integration, locomotion, and reflexes
Meaning of conduction?
Nerve Impulses (Interstate Analogy). Sending nerve impulses up to the brain
and from the brain to the spinal cord
Neural integration meaning?
Receiving signals from distal parts of the body and processing them.
Locomotion meaning?
Movement. Gait. Central Pattern Generator (CPG) found in the spinal cord.
Reflexes meaning?
Patellar, Babinsky. Pupillary dilation. 3 common properties A) Rapid
(milliseconds) B) involuntary C) stereotyped (the same stimulus produces the
same response). Sweating and shivering.
What is the structure that protects the spinal cord?
Spinal meninges & vertebrae
What is the structures that stabilize the spinal cord?
Denticulate ligaments & film terminals
What is the “Dura Mater” mean?
(tough mother)-
superficial most layer of the meninges
What does “Arachnoid Mater” mean?
(spider mother)-
web like pattern of connective tissue
What does “Pia Mater” mean?
(little mother)- sits directly
on top of the brain or spinal cord
What happens if you have a transection at your C1?
Death by asphyxiation (suffocation)
What happens if you have a transection in the c4 - c6 ?
Quadriplegia: paralysis of arms & legs
What happens if there’s an injury on your t1 and below?
Paraplegia: occurs when spinal cord is damaged below the cervical spine.
What is the “Phrenic nerve”
Enervates diaphragm
What does the cerebellum do?
coordinates
somatic motor function/
adjusts output of somatic
motor centers resulting in
smooth operation
What does the cerebrum do?
(telencephalon):
conscious thought
processes/intellectual
functions. memory storage/
conscious regulation of
skeletal muscle contractions
Identify 1
Lateral sulcus
Identify 2
Central sulcus
Identify 3
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Identify 4
Cerebellum
Identify 5
Pons
Identify 6
Medulla oblongata
Identify 7
Pituitary gland
Identify 8
Olfactory bulb
Identify 8
Olfactory bulb
Identify 9
Olfactory tract
Identify 10
Optic nerve
Identify 11
Optic chiasm
Identify 12
Optic tract
Association tract
Connections on the same side of the brain
Commissural tract
Relay from 1 hemisphere to another (right to left)
Projection tracts
connections from brainstem to the Cerebrum
Association tract example?
Fornix
Commissural tract example?
Corpus collosum
Projection tract example?
Cerebral peduncles & cerebellar peduncles
How many fibers does the central white matter have and what are they?
3 | association, comissural, and projection
Identify 1
Anterior cerebral
Identify 2
Internal carotid (cut)
Identify 3
Internal carotid (cut)
Identify 4
Middle cerebral
Identify 5
Pituitary gland
Identify 6
Posterior cerebral
Identify 7
Basilar
Identify 8
Vertebral
Identify 9
Anterior spinal
Identify 10
Posterior inferior cerebellar
Identify 11
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Identify 12
Labyrinthine
Identify 13 & 14
Pontine
Identify 15
Superior cerebellar
Identify 16
Posterior cerebral
Identify 17
Posterior communicating
Identify 18
Anterior cerebral
Identify 19
Anterior communicating
What does the blood brain barrier (BBB) do?
The BBB protects the brain from some harmful substances
What crosses the BBB?
H2O, O2, CO2, glucose, lipid rich substances
What doesn’t cross the BBB?
Polar substances, proteins
Where is the CSF produced?
Choroid plexuses
What is CSF?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the word cephalon always associated with?
Brain
What does the heart act like for the human body?
The body’s engine room | pumping blood into network of vessels
What are some of the responsibilities that the heart does?
- pumping blood through vessels
- keeps body supplied with oxygen
- clearing away harmful waste matter
What is the average size of the human heart?
About the size of the human fist
How many times does the heart beat on average per day?
100,000
Where is the heart located?
Between t2 - t4 and the xiohoid process
What does the heart sit above?
Diaphragm
What cavity contains the heart?
Pericardium cavity
Function of the pericardium
To anchor the heart to the diaphragm & absorbs shock and protects heart
What is the outside layer of the heart called?
Epicardium
What is the thick, largest layer of the heart that makes up 90% of heart?
Myocardium
What is the simple squamous epithelia layer in the heart?
Endocardium
What are the names inside of the right heart?
Right atrium & right ventricle
What are the names of the chambers on the left heart?
Left atrium & left ventricle
What part of the heart is the weak pump?
Top heart
What part of the heart is the strong pump?
Bottom heart
What is the functions of the “atria” system
Transport blood from atria to the ventricles
Functions of the ventricles?
Transport blood out of the heart to the
1) systemic circuit
or
2) pulmonary circuit
What is the function of the heart valves?
Prevents the back flow of blood
Function of aortic semilunar valve?
prevents backflow into the left Ventricle
Function of Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?
prevents backflow into the right Ventricle
Where are the atrioventricular valves located?
1) Between the Atrium and Ventricles (Right/ Left)
2) Bicuspid or Mitral (Left) | Tricuspid (Right)
Where do the chordae tendinae (heart strings) anchor into?
Papillary muscle
How many cusps to both the pulmonary and aortic have?
3 cusps
Identify 1
Superior vena cava
Identify 2
Auricle of right atrium
Identify 3
Right atrium
Identify 4
Right coronary artery
Identify 5
Conus arteriosus brevis
Identify 6
Right ventricle vein
Identify 7
Right ventricle artery
Identify 8
Right marginal artery
Identify 9
Right ventricle
Identify 10
Apex
Identify 11
Left ventricle
Identify 12
Great cardiac vein
Identify 13
Anterior interventricular artery
Identify 14
Diagonal artery
Identify 15
Left marginal artery
Identify 16
Left coronary artery
Identify 17
Auricle of left atrium
Identify 18
Pulmonary trunk
Identify 19
Pericardium (cut away)
Identify 20
Left pulmonary artery
Identify 21
Aorta
identify 13
anterior/posterior rootlets
identify 14
denticulate ligament
identify 10
pia mater
identify 11
arachnoid mater
identify 12
dura mater
identify 8
posterior median sulcus
identify 7
anterior median fissure
identify 6
posterior white column
identify 5
lateral white column
identify 4
anterior white column
identify 3
gray commissure
identify 2
posterior gray horn
identify 1
anterior gray horn
identify 13
anterior/posterior rootlets
identify 15
anterior/posterior roots
identify 16
posterior root ganglion
identify 1
frontal vein
identify 2
external carotid artery
identify 3
common carotid
identify 4
suprascapular artery
identify 5
vertebral artery
identify 6
internal jugular vein
identify 7
occipital artery
identify 8
superficial temporal vein/artery
identify 1
thoracoacromial artery
identify 2
cephalic vein
identify 3
axillary artery and vein
identify 4
basilic vein
identify 5
right subclavian
identify 1
radial artery
identify 2
ulnar artery
identify 3
left subclavian
identify 1
sup. medial genicular artery
identify 2
sup. lateral genicular artery
identify 3
inf. lateral genicular artery
identify 4
inf. medial genicular artery
identify 5
small saphenous vein
identify 6
great saphenous vein
identify 7
anterior tibial artery
identify 8
posterior tibial artery
identify 9
popliteal artery/vein
identify 10
popliteal artery/vein
identify 11
deep femoral artery
identify 12
femoral artery
identify 1
cervical plexus
identify 2
phrenic nerve
identify 3
brachial plexus
identify 4
olfactory bulb
identify 5
optic chiasm
identify 6
pons
identify 7
segmental nerve
Identify 8
Right sympathetic chain ganglion
identify 9 & 10
intercostal nerves
identify 11
intercostal nerve
identify 12
genitofemoral nerve
identify 13
obturator nerve
identify 14
sciatic nerve
identify 15
sacral plexus
identify 16
femoral nerve
identify 17
lumbar plexus
identify 18
cauda equina
identify 19
conus medullaris
identify 1
cillary muscle
identify 2
cillary body
identify 3
retina
identify 4
macula and fovea capitis
identify 5
blind spot
identify 6
optic nerve
identify 7
lateral rectus
identify 8
superior rectus
identify 9
sclera
identify 10
medial rectus
identify 11
iris w/ pupil
identify 12
inferior oblique
identify 13
choroid layer
identify 14
iris
identify 15
pupil
identify 16
lens
identify 17
vitreous chamber
identify 1
ascending aorta
identify 2
right auricle
identify 3
right coronary artery
identify 4
apex
identify 5
left coronary artery
identify 6
left auricle
identify 7
pulmonary trunk
identify 8
aortic arch
identify 9
left subclavian artery
identify 10
left common carotid artery
identify 11
brachiocephalic artery
identify 1
semilunar pulmonary valve
identify 2
right ventricle
identify 3
tricuspid valve
identify 4
myocardium
identify 5
papillary muscle
identify 6
ventricular septum
identify 7
chordae tendineae
identify 8
bicuspid valve
identify 9
left ventricle
identify 10
aortic semilunar valve
identify 1
great cardiac vein
identify 2
circumflex artery
identify 3
left pulmonary arteries
identify 1
coronary sinus
identify 2
right coronary artery
identify 3
inferior vena cava
identify 4
pulmonary veins
identify 5
superior vena cava
how many seconds does it take for a RBC to circulate through the entire body?
20 seconds
what is the average life span on a RBC?
4 months
what is blood pressure of 95 mm
highest heart the aorta
blood pressure of 80 mm?
hg arteries
blood pressure 35 mm?
hg arterioles
blood pressure 15 mm?
hg venules
blood pressure 10 mm?
hg veins
blood pressure 5 mm?
hg vena cava
what is the purpose of blood?
- provides the cells & tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
- removes co2
- gas exchange only happens in the capillaries
function of arteries?
- move oxygen rich blood away from heart
- large diameter, thicker wall, no valves
- exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary arteries
function of veins?
- move oxygen poor blood to the heart
- smaller diameter, thinner walls, contains valves
- exceptions: umbilical blood, pulmonary veins
function of capillaries?
- very thin blood vessels (order of microns)
- small diameter
- allows exchanging of o2, co2
- transports o2 rich and o2 poor blood
where is most of your blood located in?
veins
how much blood is in the heart?
7%
how much blood is in the pulmonary vessels?
9%
how much blood in systemic arteries and arterioles?
13%
how much blood in systemic capillaries?
7%
how much blood in systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) ?
64%
what is the tunica externa?
most superficial later made of elastic CT. (elastic lamella)
what is the tunica media?
smooth muscle layer
what is the tunica interna?
most internal, made of simple squamous epithelia in contact with blood
where are tunica and externa and media thicker in?
arteries
what do capillaries only contain?
tunica interna
what is elastic arteries known to help with?
high blood pressure | more elastic CT = storage reservoir for mechanical energy
what does the most common type of artery contain?
reinforced tunica media
what are examples of reinforced tunica media?
brachial and radial arteries in the arm
what is the function/importance of anastomosis?
reroute blood to an organ or tissue
what are arterioles?
very small arteries
what are metarterioles and it’s function?
distal most part of arterioles that leads into capillary bed
what is precapillary sphincters and it’s function?
allows blood flow to be blocked to specific area. surrounded by smooth muscle. act as shunts
position of the heart within thoracic cavity?
center of thoracic cavity
identify the great vessels that carry oxygen rich blood?
pulmonary veins, aorta, capillaries
systole
phase of heartbeat when heart muscle contracts
diastole
when heartbeat relaxes and allows chamber to fill with blood
that causes the opening of the aortic semilunar valve?
left ventricle
what causes closing of the aortic semilunar valve?
ventricular pressure & pulmonary artery
what causes the first heart sound “lub”
atrioventricular valves
what causes the second heart sound “dub”
closure of semilunar valves following ventricular system
what are the first vessels to receive blood after it enters the aorta from the heart through the aortic semilunar valve?
coronary arteries
define atherosclerosis
a common condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries
what causes angina pectoris?
reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
what is a myocardial infarction?
when one or more areas of the heart muscle don’t get enough oxygen
define heart failure
when the heart doesn’t pump as well as it used to
what is more dangerous? atrial or ventricular fibrillation? why?
ventricular fibrillation due to causing immediate cardiac arrest
what makes the aorta an elastic artery?
contains more elastic CT than muscle arteries
define vasa vasorum
vessels of vessels
define anastomoses
connects two body channels together, such being as blood vessels
continuous capillary
smallest blood vessel in vascular system
fenestrated capillaries
tiny opening, or pores found in kidneys, pancreas and intestines
sinusoids capillaries
large gaps and holes. found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes
role of pre capillary sphincters i’m a capillary bed
increase and decrease flow depending on body’s needs
purpose of hepatic portal system
return blood from digestive tract and spleen to the liver
tonic receptors
slow adapting receptors
physic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors
example of sensory modality utilizing tonic receptors
joint capsule, pain receptors, muscle spindle
example of sensory modality utilizing physic receptors
hair, lamellated capsules, tactile discs
chemoreceptors location
peripheral and CNS
thermoreceptors location
skin, liver, skeletal muscles, and hypothalamus
photoreceptors location
retina
mechanoreceptors location
skin
baroreceptors
carotid sinuses and aortic arch
nociceptors location
muscle, joints, bone and viscera
tactile receptors located?
fingertips and eyelids
where are tastebuds located?
tongue
do all lingual papillae contain taste buds?
no
which lingual papillae does not contain taste buds
filiform
what facial nerves carry sensory information from taste buds to the CNS?
facial nerves, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
olfaction?
sense of smell
purpose of middle ear and ossicles?
sound waves transfer into the inner ear for auditory transcription
actions of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
reduces the amount of sound that gets into inner ear
what type of sensory information stimulates the vestibule
when our head moves
what type of sensory information stimulates the semicircular canals
rotation of the head
function of fovea central is
sharp central vision
function of macula lutea
process light signals that allows us to do fine work
how is the embryonic origin of the retina different from the rest of the eye?
they originate from the anterior neural plate
gustatation
sensory detection of food on the tongue
pre synapic
sending neurons
post synaptic
receiving neurons
which predominates the NS? neurons or neuroglia?
neuroglia
astrocytes are apart of what system? and what do they do
CNS , forms BBB
satellite cells origin and function
PNS , muscle regeneration throughout lifespan
oligodendrocytes origin and function
CNS , generation of myles sheath that surrounds axons
schwann cells origin and function
PNS , development, matinence, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves
microglia origin and function
CNS , immune cells as phagocytes
function of CSF?
shock absorber for the brain against skull. allows brain and spinal to become buoyant
position of pineal gland
deep in the middle of the brain.
what does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
Olfactory nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Sensory. Olfactory epithelia. Ethmoid. Sense of smell from nasal cavity
Optic nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Sensory. Retina. Optic chiasm. Sends info to occipital and visceral processing center
Ocolomotor nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Motor. Cerebral penduncles. Cavernous sinus. Controls all the eyelid recuts muscles
Trochlear nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Motor. Inferior colliculus. Orbital fissure. Controls superior oblique muscle
Trigeminal nerve motor, sensory, or mixed? Origin? Pass through? Info?
Both. Cerebral penduncles. Foramen rontundom and Foramen ovale. Special visceral efferent.
