integuementary + skeletal exam Flashcards
primary functions of the skin
thermoregulation, vitamin D, tactile, emotional expression
top layer of the skin?
epidermis
middle layer of skin
dermis
bottom layer of skin
subcutaneous layer
keratinocytes
most abundant. make keratin
(makes hair, nails, protection)
melanocytes
deepest layer of epidermis
produce melanin
langerhan
immune cells
initial barrier of skin
merkel
recognizing textures
smooth or rough
stratum basale
germinating layer
1 cell thick
stratum spinosum
8-10 cells thick
stratum granulsom
production of keratin
stratum lucidum
only found in certain parts of skin
stratum corneum
100% keratinized and dead
30 layers
skin pigments - eumelanin
brown to black
pheomelanin
yellow to red
skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)
A stand for?
asymmetry - normal moles are symmetrical
skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)
what b stand for?
border - sharp and well defined
skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)
what c stand for?
color - normal (brown) | malignant (different colors)
skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)
what d stand for?
diameter - less than an eraser head
skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)
what e stand for?
evolution - changes shape (malignant)
malignant melanoma
most dangerous. chemo doesn’t work well. effects melanocytes only
basal cell carcinoma
most common. effects keratinocytes on the S. Basal.
squamous cell carcinoma
effects keratinocytes
albinism
loss of pigmentation everywhere. genetic. enzyme for production is lost. hair, iris, skin.
vitiligo
effects melanocytes. patches of melanin lost in skin. auto immune disorder.
why is hair useful for the body?
thermoregulation, protection/block UV rays, sensations
what are the 3 types of hair
lanugo, vellus hair, terminal hair
Skull
Cranium
Cranium
The brain case
Face
Anterior and inferior portions of the skull
Calverian
Skull cap
How many bones in cranium
8
How many facial bones
14
Foramen
Opening or hole that penetrates through bone
Meatus
Narrow opening “canal”
Sinus
A cavity within bone
Process
An extension of bone
Condyle
Knuckle shaped process
Skeletal system functions
Support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
What are the types of bone
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone
Structure of flat bone
Sandwich like construction | two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongey bone
Sesamoid bones location
Joints - in the hand and kneecaps
Diaphysis
The shaft of central part of a long bone
Metaphysis
Contains the growth plate
Epiphysis
The end part of a long bone
Epiphyseal plates
(Growth plates) - occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bone
Epiphyseal lines
Occur when Epiphyseal plates have fused or come together
Hyoid bone
An attachment site for muscles and tongue and larynx
Vertebral columns - purpose of curves
- Establish structure
- Balance the head
- Allow for upright walking
When do primary curves develop?
Before birth
When do secondary curves
Develops after birth
What is c1 and it’s function?
Allows head to nod “yes” (up/down) (atlas)
C2 and function
(Axis) shaking head no
How many vertebrae in cervical?
7
How many vertebrae in thoracic
12
How many vertebrae in lumbar
5
Male skull features
Large brow ridge and sloping forehead, square chin, acute angle, mastoid process
Female skull features
Sharp upper margins, smaller brow ridge, more vertical forehead,neck muscle attachment
Appositional bone growth
Increases the diameter of bone by creating new osteons.
Interstitial bone growth
Increases the length of bone
Articulations?
Important for range and motion
Joint structure
More range/motion = weaker joint
Synarthrosis
Suture, immovable | strong joints
Amphiarthosis
Slightly movable | in between ulna and radius
Diarthrosis
Freely movable (synovial joints)
Suture
(Only found in skull) | bones are interlocked together via sutural ligaments
Gomphosis
(Fibrous joint between teeth and jaw bone) | periodontal ligaments of the teeth
Synchondrosis
(Cartilaginous joint within epiphysis of bone) | binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Synostosis
Fusion of the three coxal bones | (body fusion joint between two bones)
Joint capsule
Articulate capsule | dense regular CT / smooth muscle
