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Anatomy > integuementary + skeletal exam > Flashcards

integuementary + skeletal exam Flashcards

1
Q

primary functions of the skin

A

thermoregulation, vitamin D, tactile, emotional expression

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2
Q

top layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

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3
Q

middle layer of skin

A

dermis

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4
Q

bottom layer of skin

A

subcutaneous layer

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5
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant. make keratin

(makes hair, nails, protection)

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6
Q

melanocytes

A

deepest layer of epidermis

produce melanin

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7
Q

langerhan

A

immune cells

initial barrier of skin

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8
Q

merkel

A

recognizing textures

smooth or rough

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9
Q

stratum basale

A

germinating layer

1 cell thick

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10
Q

stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cells thick

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11
Q

stratum granulsom

A

production of keratin

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12
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only found in certain parts of skin

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13
Q

stratum corneum

A

100% keratinized and dead

30 layers

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14
Q

skin pigments - eumelanin

A

brown to black

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15
Q

pheomelanin

A

yellow to red

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16
Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

A stand for?

A

asymmetry - normal moles are symmetrical

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17
Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what b stand for?

A

border - sharp and well defined

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18
Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what c stand for?

A

color - normal (brown) | malignant (different colors)

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19
Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what d stand for?

A

diameter - less than an eraser head

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20
Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what e stand for?

A

evolution - changes shape (malignant)

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21
Q

malignant melanoma

A

most dangerous. chemo doesn’t work well. effects melanocytes only

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22
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common. effects keratinocytes on the S. Basal.

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23
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

effects keratinocytes

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24
Q

albinism

A

loss of pigmentation everywhere. genetic. enzyme for production is lost. hair, iris, skin.

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25
Q

vitiligo

A

effects melanocytes. patches of melanin lost in skin. auto immune disorder.

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26
Q

why is hair useful for the body?

A

thermoregulation, protection/block UV rays, sensations

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of hair

A

lanugo, vellus hair, terminal hair

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28
Q

Skull

A

Cranium

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29
Q

Cranium

A

The brain case

30
Q

Face

A

Anterior and inferior portions of the skull

31
Q

Calverian

A

Skull cap

32
Q

How many bones in cranium

A

8

33
Q

How many facial bones

A

14

34
Q

Foramen

A

Opening or hole that penetrates through bone

35
Q

Meatus

A

Narrow opening “canal”

36
Q

Sinus

A

A cavity within bone

37
Q

Process

A

An extension of bone

38
Q

Condyle

A

Knuckle shaped process

39
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

40
Q

What are the types of bone

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone

41
Q

Structure of flat bone

A

Sandwich like construction | two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongey bone

42
Q

Sesamoid bones location

A

Joints - in the hand and kneecaps

43
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of central part of a long bone

44
Q

Metaphysis

A

Contains the growth plate

45
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end part of a long bone

46
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

(Growth plates) - occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bone

47
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

Occur when Epiphyseal plates have fused or come together

48
Q

Hyoid bone

A

An attachment site for muscles and tongue and larynx

49
Q

Vertebral columns - purpose of curves

A
  1. Establish structure
  2. Balance the head
  3. Allow for upright walking
50
Q

When do primary curves develop?

A

Before birth

51
Q

When do secondary curves

A

Develops after birth

52
Q

What is c1 and it’s function?

A

Allows head to nod “yes” (up/down) (atlas)

53
Q

C2 and function

A

(Axis) shaking head no

54
Q

How many vertebrae in cervical?

A

7

55
Q

How many vertebrae in thoracic

A

12

56
Q

How many vertebrae in lumbar

A

5

57
Q

Male skull features

A

Large brow ridge and sloping forehead, square chin, acute angle, mastoid process

58
Q

Female skull features

A

Sharp upper margins, smaller brow ridge, more vertical forehead,neck muscle attachment

59
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

Increases the diameter of bone by creating new osteons.

60
Q

Interstitial bone growth

A

Increases the length of bone

61
Q

Articulations?

A

Important for range and motion

62
Q

Joint structure

A

More range/motion = weaker joint

63
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Suture, immovable | strong joints

64
Q

Amphiarthosis

A

Slightly movable | in between ulna and radius

65
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable (synovial joints)

66
Q

Suture

A

(Only found in skull) | bones are interlocked together via sutural ligaments

67
Q

Gomphosis

A

(Fibrous joint between teeth and jaw bone) | periodontal ligaments of the teeth

68
Q

Synchondrosis

A

(Cartilaginous joint within epiphysis of bone) | binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis

69
Q

Synostosis

A

Fusion of the three coxal bones | (body fusion joint between two bones)

70
Q

Joint capsule

A

Articulate capsule | dense regular CT / smooth muscle

Anatomy (8 decks)

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