integuementary + skeletal exam Flashcards by Dexter Hayes

Q

primary functions of the skin

A

thermoregulation, vitamin D, tactile, emotional expression

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Q

top layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

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Q

middle layer of skin

A

dermis

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Q

bottom layer of skin

A

subcutaneous layer

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Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant. make keratin

(makes hair, nails, protection)

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Q

melanocytes

A

deepest layer of epidermis

produce melanin

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Q

langerhan

A

immune cells

initial barrier of skin

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Q

merkel

A

recognizing textures

smooth or rough

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Q

stratum basale

A

germinating layer

1 cell thick

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Q

stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cells thick

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Q

stratum granulsom

A

production of keratin

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Q

stratum lucidum

A

only found in certain parts of skin

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Q

stratum corneum

A

100% keratinized and dead

30 layers

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Q

skin pigments - eumelanin

A

brown to black

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Q

pheomelanin

A

yellow to red

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Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

A stand for?

A

asymmetry - normal moles are symmetrical

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Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what b stand for?

A

border - sharp and well defined

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Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what c stand for?

A

color - normal (brown) | malignant (different colors)

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Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what d stand for?

A

diameter - less than an eraser head

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Q

skin abnormalities (a,b,c,d,e)

what e stand for?

A

evolution - changes shape (malignant)

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Q

malignant melanoma

A

most dangerous. chemo doesn’t work well. effects melanocytes only

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Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common. effects keratinocytes on the S. Basal.

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Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

effects keratinocytes

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Q

albinism

A

loss of pigmentation everywhere. genetic. enzyme for production is lost. hair, iris, skin.

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vitiligo

effects melanocytes. patches of melanin lost in skin. auto immune disorder.

why is hair useful for the body?

thermoregulation, protection/block UV rays, sensations

what are the 3 types of hair

lanugo, vellus hair, terminal hair

Skull

Cranium

Cranium

The brain case

Face

Anterior and inferior portions of the skull

Calverian

Skull cap

How many bones in cranium

8

How many facial bones

14

Foramen

Opening or hole that penetrates through bone

Meatus

Narrow opening “canal”

Sinus

A cavity within bone

Process

An extension of bone

Condyle

Knuckle shaped process

Skeletal system functions

Support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

What are the types of bone

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone, sesamoid bone

Structure of flat bone

Sandwich like construction | two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongey bone

Sesamoid bones location

Joints - in the hand and kneecaps

Diaphysis

The shaft of central part of a long bone

Metaphysis

Contains the growth plate

Epiphysis

The end part of a long bone

Epiphyseal plates

(Growth plates) - occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bone

Epiphyseal lines

Occur when Epiphyseal plates have fused or come together

Hyoid bone

An attachment site for muscles and tongue and larynx

Vertebral columns - purpose of curves

1. Establish structure 2. Balance the head 3. Allow for upright walking

When do primary curves develop?

Before birth

When do secondary curves

Develops after birth

What is c1 and it’s function?

Allows head to nod “yes” (up/down) (atlas)

C2 and function

(Axis) shaking head no

How many vertebrae in cervical?

7

How many vertebrae in thoracic

12

How many vertebrae in lumbar

5

Male skull features

Large brow ridge and sloping forehead, square chin, acute angle, mastoid process

Female skull features

Sharp upper margins, smaller brow ridge, more vertical forehead,neck muscle attachment

Appositional bone growth

Increases the diameter of bone by creating new osteons.

Interstitial bone growth

Increases the length of bone

Articulations?

Important for range and motion

Joint structure

More range/motion = weaker joint

Synarthrosis

Suture, immovable | strong joints

Amphiarthosis

Slightly movable | in between ulna and radius

Diarthrosis

Freely movable (synovial joints)

Suture

(Only found in skull) | bones are interlocked together via sutural ligaments

Gomphosis

(Fibrous joint between teeth and jaw bone) | periodontal ligaments of the teeth

Synchondrosis

(Cartilaginous joint within epiphysis of bone) | binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis

Synostosis

Fusion of the three coxal bones | (body fusion joint between two bones)

Joint capsule

Articulate capsule | dense regular CT / smooth muscle