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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What composes white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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2
Q

What composes grey matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

Where is white matter found?

A 
Spinal cord (outside)
Brain (inside)
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4
Q

What are the names of the different tracts present?

A

Commissural
Projection
Association

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5
Q

Within the CNS, what are a collection of cell bodies called?

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Within the PNS, what are a collection of cell bodies called?

A

Ganglion

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7
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles found?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What lies next to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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9
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?

A

Midbrain

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10
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle lie?

A

Between pons, medulla & cerebellum

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11
Q

Between which layers is the CSF found?

A

Pia

Arachnoid

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12
Q

What produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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13
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

Arachnoid villi into sagittal sinus

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14
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal

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15
Q

What artery do the vertebral arteries branch off?

A

Subclavian

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16
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries go through?

A

Foramen magnum

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17
Q

What are the main contributing factors to the Circle of Willis?

A

ICA

Basilar artery

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18
Q

What is the function of the Circle of Willis?

A

Protective mechanism which allows circulation to be maintained to the brain

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19
Q

What area of the brain does the Circle of Willis supply?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

The ICA give branches to which arteries?

A

ACA
MCA
Post communicating

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21
Q

Which arteries of the C o W supply the largest area of the cerebrum?

A

ACA

MCA

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22
Q

What do the 2 vertebral arteries combine to form?

A

Basilar artery

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23
Q

What does the vertebra-basilar system supply?

A

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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24
Q

What does the basilar artery divide into?

A

PCA

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25
Q

Which artery supplies the medial aspect of the cerebrum?

A

ACA

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26
Q

Which artery supplies the occipital lobe? If it is occluded what can it lead to?

A

PCA

Visuocortical blindness

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27
Q

Between which 2 layers do the venous sinus lie?

A

Dural folds

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28
Q

What vein do the venous sinus drain into?

A

IJV

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29
Q

What does the neural tube form from?

A

Ectoderm

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30
Q

What is another name for the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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31
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencaphalon

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32
Q

What is another name for the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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33
Q

What does the Prosencaphlon form?

A

Telencephalon

Diencaphalon

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34
Q

What does the Mesencephalon form?

A

Midbrain

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35
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon form?

A

Metencephlon

Myencephalon

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36
Q

What forms the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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37
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

A

III-XII

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38
Q

What does the medulla continue as?

A

Spinal cord

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39
Q

What is the name of the medullary area where decussation of fibres occurs?

A

Pyramids

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40
Q

What lies lateral to the pyramids at the medulla

A

Olives

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41
Q

What connects the medulla & cerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

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42
Q

What cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

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43
Q

What connects the pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

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44
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from its surface?

A

V, VI, VII & VIII

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45
Q

What is 2 structures are present at the midbrain?

A

Superior & Inferior colliculi

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46
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual reflex

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47
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory reflex

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48
Q

What peducles are present at the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncle

Superior cerebellar peduncle

49
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?

50
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only nerve to originate posteriorly?

A

Trochlear nerve (IV)

51
Q

What are the name of 2 nuclei found in the midbrain?

A

Substantia niagra

Red nucleus

52
Q

What disease is the substantia niarga associated with?

A

Parkinsons disease

53
Q

What are the folds & ridges called at the cerebellum?

A

Sulci & folia

54
Q

Each cerebellar hemisphere is composed of which lobes?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

55
Q

What connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

56
Q

What matter are the cerebellar peduncles composed of?

A

White matter

57
Q

Where is the grey/white matter found on the cerebellum?

A 
Grey matter (surface)
White matter (deep)
58
Q

What is the risk associated with increased intracranial pressure & cerebellar tonsils?

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils

59
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination & balance

60
Q

If there is an abnormality at the cerebellum, what is a sign that could be observed?

61
Q

What are the structures of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland

62
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay centre

63
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostatic control of temperature, thirst, appetite, sleep/wake cycle & endocrine control.

64
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Control vital signs (respiratory centre)

65
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the motor (efferent) pathway?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

66
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic pathway?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

67
Q

What is the function of neutrons?

A

Carry action potentials

68
Q

What is the cytoplasm in the neuronal cell body called?

A

Perikaryon

69
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A

Insulates axon, increasing speed of conduction

70
Q

What cells form the myelin sheath?

A 
Schwann cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
71
Q

What happens to myelin in MS?

A

Demyelination of nerves

72
Q

Which tract do sensory fibres ascend in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal column

73
Q

Which tract carries pain fibres up to the brain?

A

Spinothalamic tract

74
Q

What are the different tracts which carry motor fibres down the spinal cord?

A

Lateral & anterior corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

75
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?

A

Sensory afferent neurons

76
Q

Where are bipolar neutrons found?

A

Retinal nerve fibres

Olfactory mucosa

77
Q

What is the most common type of neuron?

A

Multipolar

78
Q

Which cells line the central canal & produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

79
Q

What are the types of glial cells found within the CNS?

A

Microglia cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes

80
Q

What are the factors which compose the BBB?

A

Tight junctions at endothelium
Basal lamina
Astrocyte projections

81
Q

Where is the BBB absent?

A

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

82
Q

In order for a drug to cross the BBB, what does it have to be?

A

Lipid soluble

OR USE VECTORAL TRANSPORT

83
Q

How many horns do the lateral ventricles have?

A

3 - anterior, posterior & inferior horns

84
Q

Which meningeal layer is vascularised?

85
Q

Where is CNS found? (meninges)

A

Subarachnoid space

86
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Protects & nourishes the brain

87
Q

What is the name of the collection of neuronal cell bodies deep within the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Basal ganglia

88
Q

What is the name of the fissure between the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

89
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

90
Q

What lies in front/ behind the central sulcus?

A

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

91
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Frontal lobe & Temporal lobe

92
Q

What sulcus divides the parietal & occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

93
Q

What is the name of the sulcus which runs above the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate sulcus

94
Q

In which lobe is the hippocampus found?

A

Temporal lobe

95
Q

What are the 52 areas of the brain called?

A

Brodmann areas

96
Q

Which hemisphere, dominant or non-dominant usually controls movement?

97
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere tends to be the dominant side?

A

Left hemisphere

98
Q

What area is the precentral gyrus?

99
Q

What does Broca’s area control? What area?

A

Motor speech

Area 44,45

100
Q

What is the motor/ sensory map depicted at the pre/pos central gyrus?

A

Homunculus

101
Q

What are the areas of the post-central gyrus?

102
Q

Which cerebral lobe contributes to language function?

A

Parietal lobe (dominant hemisphere)

103
Q

When there is a parietal lobe lesion, what is observed?

A

Hemisensory neglect

Agraphia, acalculia, agnosia

104
Q

What cortex is found at the temporal lobe? Area?

A

Primary auditory cortex

41,42

105
Q

What auditory association area is found at the dominant temporal lobe? Function?

A

Wernickes area

Important for understanding spoken word

106
Q

Which lobe receives fibres from the olfactory tract?

A

Temporal lobe

107
Q

Where is the Primary visual cortex found?

A

Occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus)

108
Q

Which surface of the cerebrum is the limbic system found?

A

Medial surface

109
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problem with speech due to damage to brain

110
Q

If there is damage to Brocas area, what type of aphasia will be observed?

A

Expressive aphasia

unable to speak, paralysis

111
Q

If there is damage to Wernickes area, what type of aphasia will be observed?

A

Receptive aphasia

Will talk away saying nonsense words

112
Q

What is the internal capsule composed of?

A

Projections fibres (white matter tracts)

113
Q

Where does the internal capsule derive its blood supply?

114
Q

What composes the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen & globus pallidus

115
Q

What composes the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen & globus pallidus

116
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is in contact with the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

117
Q

What lies in contact with the 3rd ventricle?

118
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiation & termination of movement

119
Q

What is the basal ganglia also referred to as?

A

Extrapyramidal system

Neurology (16 decks)

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