Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What composes white matter?
A
Myelinated axons
2
Q
What composes grey matter?
A
Neuronal cell bodies
3
Q
Where is white matter found?
A
Spinal cord (outside) Brain (inside)
4
Q
What are the names of the different tracts present?
A
Commissural
Projection
Association
5
Q
Within the CNS, what are a collection of cell bodies called?
A
Nucleus
6
Q
Within the PNS, what are a collection of cell bodies called?
A
Ganglion
7
Q
Where are the lateral ventricles found?
A
Cerebral hemispheres
8
Q
What lies next to the 3rd ventricle?
A
Thalamus
9
Q
Where does the cerebral aqueduct lie?
A
Midbrain
10
Q
Where does the 4th ventricle lie?
A
Between pons, medulla & cerebellum
11
Q
Between which layers is the CSF found?
A
Pia
Arachnoid
12
Q
What produces CSF?
A
choroid plexus
13
Q
Where is CSF absorbed?
A
Arachnoid villi into sagittal sinus
14
Q
Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?
A
Carotid canal
15
Q
What artery do the vertebral arteries branch off?
A
Subclavian
16
Q
Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries go through?
A
Foramen magnum
17
Q
What are the main contributing factors to the Circle of Willis?
A
ICA
Basilar artery
18
Q
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
A
Protective mechanism which allows circulation to be maintained to the brain
19
Q
What area of the brain does the Circle of Willis supply?
A
Cerebral hemispheres
20
Q
The ICA give branches to which arteries?
A
ACA
MCA
Post communicating
21
Q
Which arteries of the C o W supply the largest area of the cerebrum?
A
ACA
MCA
22
Q
What do the 2 vertebral arteries combine to form?
A
Basilar artery
23
Q
What does the vertebra-basilar system supply?
A
Brainstem
Cerebellum
24
Q
What does the basilar artery divide into?
A
PCA
25
Which artery supplies the medial aspect of the cerebrum?
ACA
26
Which artery supplies the occipital lobe? If it is occluded what can it lead to?
PCA
| Visuocortical blindness
27
Between which 2 layers do the venous sinus lie?
Dural folds
28
What vein do the venous sinus drain into?
IJV
29
What does the neural tube form from?
Ectoderm
30
What is another name for the forebrain?
Prosencephalon
31
What is another name for the midbrain?
Mesencaphalon
32
What is another name for the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
33
What does the Prosencaphlon form?
Telencephalon
| Diencaphalon
34
What does the Mesencephalon form?
Midbrain
35
What does the Rhombencephalon form?
Metencephlon
| Myencephalon
36
What forms the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
37
Which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?
III-XII
38
What does the medulla continue as?
Spinal cord
39
What is the name of the medullary area where decussation of fibres occurs?
Pyramids
40
What lies lateral to the pyramids at the medulla
Olives
41
What connects the medulla & cerebellum?
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
42
What cranial nerves arise from the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII
43
What connects the pons to the cerebellum?
Middle cerebellar peduncles
44
Which cranial nerves originate from its surface?
V, VI, VII & VIII
45
What is 2 structures are present at the midbrain?
Superior & Inferior colliculi
46
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
Visual reflex
47
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Auditory reflex
48
What peducles are present at the midbrain?
Cerebral peduncle
| Superior cerebellar peduncle
49
Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?
III, IV
50
Which cranial nerve is the only nerve to originate posteriorly?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
51
What are the name of 2 nuclei found in the midbrain?
Substantia niagra
| Red nucleus
52
What disease is the substantia niarga associated with?
Parkinsons disease
53
What are the folds & ridges called at the cerebellum?
Sulci & folia
54
Each cerebellar hemisphere is composed of which lobes?
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular
55
What connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
56
What matter are the cerebellar peduncles composed of?
White matter
57
Where is the grey/white matter found on the cerebellum?
```
Grey matter (surface)
White matter (deep)
```
58
What is the risk associated with increased intracranial pressure & cerebellar tonsils?
Herniation of cerebellar tonsils
59
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordination & balance
60
If there is an abnormality at the cerebellum, what is a sign that could be observed?
Ataxia
61
What are the structures of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
62
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory relay centre
63
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Homeostatic control of temperature, thirst, appetite, sleep/wake cycle & endocrine control.
64
What is the function of the brainstem?
Control vital signs (respiratory centre)
65
What are the 2 divisions of the motor (efferent) pathway?
Somatic
| Autonomic
66
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic pathway?
Sympathetic
| Parasympathetic
67
What is the function of neutrons?
Carry action potentials
68
What is the cytoplasm in the neuronal cell body called?
Perikaryon
69
What is the function of myelin sheath?
Insulates axon, increasing speed of conduction
70
What cells form the myelin sheath?
```
Schwann cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
```
71
What happens to myelin in MS?
Demyelination of nerves
72
Which tract do sensory fibres ascend in the spinal cord?
Dorsal column
73
Which tract carries pain fibres up to the brain?
Spinothalamic tract
74
What are the different tracts which carry motor fibres down the spinal cord?
Lateral & anterior corticospinal tract
| Rubrospinal tract
75
Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?
Sensory afferent neurons
76
Where are bipolar neutrons found?
Retinal nerve fibres
| Olfactory mucosa
77
What is the most common type of neuron?
Multipolar
78
Which cells line the central canal & produce CSF?
Ependymal cells
79
What are the types of glial cells found within the CNS?
Microglia cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
80
What are the factors which compose the BBB?
Tight junctions at endothelium
Basal lamina
Astrocyte projections
81
Where is the BBB absent?
Hypothalamus
| Posterior pituitary
82
In order for a drug to cross the BBB, what does it have to be?
Lipid soluble
| OR USE VECTORAL TRANSPORT
83
How many horns do the lateral ventricles have?
3 - anterior, posterior & inferior horns
84
Which meningeal layer is vascularised?
Pia mater
85
Where is CNS found? (meninges)
Subarachnoid space
86
What is the function of CSF?
Protects & nourishes the brain
87
What is the name of the collection of neuronal cell bodies deep within the cerebral hemispheres?
Basal ganglia
88
What is the name of the fissure between the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Median longitudinal fissure
89
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
90
What lies in front/ behind the central sulcus?
Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
| Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
91
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
Frontal lobe & Temporal lobe
92
What sulcus divides the parietal & occipital lobes?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
93
What is the name of the sulcus which runs above the corpus callosum?
Cingulate sulcus
94
In which lobe is the hippocampus found?
Temporal lobe
95
What are the 52 areas of the brain called?
Brodmann areas
96
Which hemisphere, dominant or non-dominant usually controls movement?
Dominant
97
Which cerebral hemisphere tends to be the dominant side?
Left hemisphere
98
What area is the precentral gyrus?
Area 4
99
What does Broca's area control? What area?
Motor speech
| Area 44,45
100
What is the motor/ sensory map depicted at the pre/pos central gyrus?
Homunculus
101
What are the areas of the post-central gyrus?
3, 1, 2
102
Which cerebral lobe contributes to language function?
Parietal lobe (dominant hemisphere)
103
When there is a parietal lobe lesion, what is observed?
Hemisensory neglect
| Agraphia, acalculia, agnosia
104
What cortex is found at the temporal lobe? Area?
Primary auditory cortex
| 41,42
105
What auditory association area is found at the dominant temporal lobe? Function?
Wernickes area
| Important for understanding spoken word
106
Which lobe receives fibres from the olfactory tract?
Temporal lobe
107
Where is the Primary visual cortex found?
Occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus)
108
Which surface of the cerebrum is the limbic system found?
Medial surface
109
What is aphasia?
Problem with speech due to damage to brain
110
If there is damage to Brocas area, what type of aphasia will be observed?
Expressive aphasia
| unable to speak, paralysis
111
If there is damage to Wernickes area, what type of aphasia will be observed?
Receptive aphasia
| Will talk away saying nonsense words
112
What is the internal capsule composed of?
Projections fibres (white matter tracts)
113
Where does the internal capsule derive its blood supply?
MCA
114
What composes the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen & globus pallidus
115
What composes the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen & globus pallidus
116
What part of the basal ganglia is in contact with the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
117
What lies in contact with the 3rd ventricle?
Thalamus
118
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
Initiation & termination of movement
119
What is the basal ganglia also referred to as?
Extrapyramidal system
