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Neurology > Eye Pathology > Flashcards

Eye Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What can conjunctivitis be cause by?

A

Bacterial or viral infection

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2
Q

What are some of the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red watery eye

Discharge

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3
Q

What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?

A

ABI eye drops

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4
Q

If a stye is present externally, what does it affect?

A

Sebaceous glands on eyelash

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5
Q

What is another name for a stye?

A

Hordeolum

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6
Q

What does a stye affect on the inner surface of eyelid?

A

Meibomian gland

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7
Q

Name an inflammatory condition of the cornea

A

Corneal ulcers

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8
Q

Name a non-inflammatory condition of the cornea

A

Dystrophies

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9
Q

What are some of the causes of corneal ulcer?

A

Infectious - bacteria, fungal, viral infect of cornea

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10
Q

Corneal dystrophies usually present with:

A

Bilateral presentation
Opacifying
Non-inflammatory

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness?

A

Cataracts

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12
Q

What is the pathology of cataracts?

A

Lens opacification

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13
Q

What is the main cause of cataract?

A

UV light - damages lens fibres

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14
Q

What surgery can be used to treat cataracts?

A

Phacoemulsification - plastic lens replaces new one

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15
Q

What is the usual intraocular pressure?

A

21mmHg

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16
Q

How is pressure in the eye maintained?

A

By constant drainage of AH via the Schlemms canal

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17
Q

What is glaucoma defined as?

A

Raised IOP

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18
Q

What is the 2nd most common cause of blindness?

A

Glaucoma

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19
Q

What is the most commonly seen form of glaucoma?

A

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

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20
Q

What are some consequences of raised IOP?

A

Pressure on nerve fibres results in death of optic nerve head

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21
Q

In glaucoma, what does the optic nerve head appear like?

A

Pale, unhealthy & cupped

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22
Q

What happens to the visual field in glaucoma?

A

Loss of peripheral vision

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23
Q

What are the triad of signs observed in glaucoma?

A 
Raised IOP (painless)
Visual field defects 
Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy
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24
Q

What can be used to treat POAG?

A

Eye drops to decrease IOP - prostaglandin analogues, Beta blockers
Laser trabeculoplasty

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25
Q

How does angle closure glaucoma present?

A

Sudden onset, painful loss of vision & headaches

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26
Q

What does the eye appear like in AC glaucoma?

A

Red eye

Cornea opaque

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27
Q

What is the pathology of AC glaucoma?

A

Closure of anterior angle resulting in problems with AH drainage

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28
Q

What are the different ways in which angle closure can occur?

A

Functional block - small eye, large lens

Mid-dilated pupil - outflow obstructed by iris dilation

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29
Q

What is the management for AC glaucoma?

A

Decrease IOP - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Constrict pupil - pilocarpine
Antiemetics & analgesics

Iridotomy - laser

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30
Q

What usually leads to POAG?

A

Blockage of trabecular meshwork

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31
Q

Which type of glaucoma, usually occurs in an emergency?

A

Angle closure glaucoma

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32
Q

Which layer is also called the uvea?

A

Vascular layer: choroid, ciliary body & iris

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33
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the uvea, can occur anteriorly, intermediate or posteriorly

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34
Q

What does anterior uveitis affect?

A

Iris inflammation

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35
Q

What is affected in intermediate uveitis?

A

Ciliary body

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36
Q

What is affected in posterior uveitis?

A

Choroid inflammation

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37
Q

What area of the eye does acute red eye conditions affects?

A

Anterior segment

38
Q

What examinations would you used in acute red eyes?

A

Fundoscopy & slit lamp

Staining with fluroscene (abrasion of cornea)

39
Q

What are some of the signs of infective conjunctivitis?

A

Gritty
Red
Discharge (purulent/watery)

40
Q

What are some of the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?

A 
Itchy 
Red
Discharge 
Acute presentation 
Lid swelling
41
Q

What can be used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Topical antihistamines

Avoid allergen

42
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with corneal abrasion?

A

Pain
Watering
Blurred vision
Epithelial defect

43
Q

How can you treat corneal abrasion ?

A

Analgesia

Topical ABIs

44
Q

What is the pathology associated with cornea abrasion?

A

Epithelial layer damage

45
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with anterior uveitis?

A 
Pain
Watering 
Photophobia 
Blurred vision 
Floaters 
Red
46
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

Pus in the anterior chamber

47
Q

How do you treat anterior uveitis?

A

Topical steroids

Dilating drops

48
Q

What is scleritis?

A

Inflammation of the sclera

49
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with scleritis?

A

Very painful
Redness (deep sclera vessels)
Tender
Nodule

50
Q

How is scleritis treated?

A

Systemic steroids

51
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

Infection of orbital tissue (usually from sinuses)

52
Q

What are some of the symptoms of orbital cellulitis?

A 
Very painful 
Redness
Blurred vision 
Diplopia
Malaise
Pyrexia 
Proptosis 
Reduced eye movements
53
Q

What are the treatments for orbital cellulitis?

A

IV ABIs
CT scan
Drainage of pus

54
Q

What test can be used to assess for macular disease?

A

Amsler chart

55
Q

What test can be used to visualise vessels in the eye?

A

Fluorescein angiography

56
Q

What test can be used to visualise the layers of retina?

A

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

57
Q

What are some of the risk factors associated with vascular loss of vision?

A

Smoking
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia

58
Q

Name a vascular event that can result in complete sudden loss of vision

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

59
Q

What will blood flow through retinal arteries look like in central artery occlusion?

A

Weak & segmented

60
Q

What is the management for central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Treat risk factors: BP, cholesterol

Intravitreal anti Vegf

61
Q

What are the 2 types of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Arteritic: Giant cell arteritis

Non-Arteritic

62
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with giant cell arteritis?

A 
Loss of vision
headache
loss of appetite
scalp tenderness
pain on chewing
63
Q

What are some of the signs of giant cell arteritis?

A

Raised inflammatory markers

tenderness over superficial temporal artery

64
Q

What is the management for giant cell arteritis?

A

High dose steroids

65
Q

What are some of the symptoms of non-arteritic ischaemic neuropathy?

A

Painless visual loss (usually altitudinal)

66
Q

What are the 4 most common causes of visual loss?

A

Cataract
Glaucoma
Age related macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopathy

67
Q

What are some of the symptoms of cataract?

A

Gradual visual loss

Dazzle/ glare with bright light

68
Q

In chronic glaucoma or POAG, what are the symptoms?

A

Assymptomatic

Loss of peripheral field

69
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with AMD?

A

Distorsion of images

Loss of central vision

70
Q

What are some of the signs of AMD?

A

Distorsion of amsler chart
Pigment epithelial changes (fundoscopy)
Spots called - drusen

71
Q

What are the different types of AMD called?

A 
Dry AMD (90%)
Wet AMD (10%) - neovascular
72
Q

What is the characeristic sign of dry AMD?

A

Drusen present at macula

Atrophy of epithelium

73
Q

What are drusen?

A

Spots that appear around macula.

Waste products of photoreceptors which accumulate under pigment epithelium

74
Q

What is treatment for dry AMD?

A

Low vision aids

Registration (visually impaired)

75
Q

Does dry AMD affect one or both eyes?

76
Q

What is the pathology of wet AMD?

A

Growth of new choroidal vessels

77
Q

What type of imaging is gold standard for diagnosing wet AMD?

A

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

78
Q

What is the management for wet AMD?

A

Intravitreal Vegf
Low vision aids
Registration

79
Q

What are some of the signs of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Microaneurysms
Retinal haemorrhage & exudates
Neovascularisation

80
Q

What investigators can be used to assess for diabetic retinopathy?

A

Fluorescein angiography

OCT

81
Q

What management is used in diabetic retinopathy?

A

Intravitreal Vegf
Laser -panretinal photocoagulation
Low vision aids
Registration

82
Q

What symptoms are observed in cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

Red, painful swollen eye
No movement
Loss of vision
Previous infection which could spread intracranially

83
Q

What type of cranial nerve palsy presents with ptosis, eye down & out and pupil dilated?

A

3rd nerve palsy

84
Q

What conditions are associated with IIIn palsy?

A

Diabetes (parasympathetic spared)

Cerebral artery aneurysm (no pupillary reflex)

85
Q

What cranial nerve palsy is associated with a medially deviated eye?

A

Abducent (VI) nerve palsy

86
Q

What cranial nerve palsy is associated with in & up movement of eye?

A

Trochlear (IV) nerve palsy

87
Q

What is a characteristic sign of retinal detachment?

A

A curtain coming down across visual field

88
Q

What nerve palsy results in inability to open eyelid?

A

IIIn palsy

89
Q

What nerve palsy results in inability to close eyelid?

A

VIIn palsy

90
Q

What is the treatment for a hoerdolum?

A

Warm compress

Eyelid hygiene

Neurology (16 decks)

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