Eye Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
What can conjunctivitis be cause by?
A
Bacterial or viral infection
2
Q
What are some of the symptoms of conjunctivitis?
A
Red watery eye
Discharge
3
Q
What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?
A
ABI eye drops
4
Q
If a stye is present externally, what does it affect?
A
Sebaceous glands on eyelash
5
Q
What is another name for a stye?
A
Hordeolum
6
Q
What does a stye affect on the inner surface of eyelid?
A
Meibomian gland
7
Q
Name an inflammatory condition of the cornea
A
Corneal ulcers
8
Q
Name a non-inflammatory condition of the cornea
A
Dystrophies
9
Q
What are some of the causes of corneal ulcer?
A
Infectious - bacteria, fungal, viral infect of cornea
10
Q
Corneal dystrophies usually present with:
A
Bilateral presentation
Opacifying
Non-inflammatory
11
Q
What is the most common cause of blindness?
A
Cataracts
12
Q
What is the pathology of cataracts?
A
Lens opacification
13
Q
What is the main cause of cataract?
A
UV light - damages lens fibres
14
Q
What surgery can be used to treat cataracts?
A
Phacoemulsification - plastic lens replaces new one
15
Q
What is the usual intraocular pressure?
A
21mmHg
16
Q
How is pressure in the eye maintained?
A
By constant drainage of AH via the Schlemms canal
17
Q
What is glaucoma defined as?
A
Raised IOP
18
Q
What is the 2nd most common cause of blindness?
A
Glaucoma
19
Q
What is the most commonly seen form of glaucoma?
A
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
20
Q
What are some consequences of raised IOP?
A
Pressure on nerve fibres results in death of optic nerve head
21
Q
In glaucoma, what does the optic nerve head appear like?
A
Pale, unhealthy & cupped
22
Q
What happens to the visual field in glaucoma?
A
Loss of peripheral vision
23
Q
What are the triad of signs observed in glaucoma?
A
Raised IOP (painless) Visual field defects Optic disc changes on ophthalmoscopy
24
Q
What can be used to treat POAG?
A
Eye drops to decrease IOP - prostaglandin analogues, Beta blockers
Laser trabeculoplasty
25
How does angle closure glaucoma present?
Sudden onset, painful loss of vision & headaches
26
What does the eye appear like in AC glaucoma?
Red eye
| Cornea opaque
27
What is the pathology of AC glaucoma?
Closure of anterior angle resulting in problems with AH drainage
28
What are the different ways in which angle closure can occur?
Functional block - small eye, large lens
| Mid-dilated pupil - outflow obstructed by iris dilation
29
What is the management for AC glaucoma?
Decrease IOP - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Constrict pupil - pilocarpine
Antiemetics & analgesics
Iridotomy - laser
30
What usually leads to POAG?
Blockage of trabecular meshwork
31
Which type of glaucoma, usually occurs in an emergency?
Angle closure glaucoma
32
Which layer is also called the uvea?
Vascular layer: choroid, ciliary body & iris
33
What is uveitis?
Inflammation of the uvea, can occur anteriorly, intermediate or posteriorly
34
What does anterior uveitis affect?
Iris inflammation
35
What is affected in intermediate uveitis?
Ciliary body
36
What is affected in posterior uveitis?
Choroid inflammation
37
What area of the eye does acute red eye conditions affects?
Anterior segment
38
What examinations would you used in acute red eyes?
Fundoscopy & slit lamp
| Staining with fluroscene (abrasion of cornea)
39
What are some of the signs of infective conjunctivitis?
Gritty
Red
Discharge (purulent/watery)
40
What are some of the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?
```
Itchy
Red
Discharge
Acute presentation
Lid swelling
```
41
What can be used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?
Topical antihistamines
| Avoid allergen
42
What are some of the symptoms associated with corneal abrasion?
Pain
Watering
Blurred vision
Epithelial defect
43
How can you treat corneal abrasion ?
Analgesia
| Topical ABIs
44
What is the pathology associated with cornea abrasion?
Epithelial layer damage
45
What are some of the symptoms associated with anterior uveitis?
```
Pain
Watering
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Floaters
Red
```
46
What is a hypopyon?
Pus in the anterior chamber
47
How do you treat anterior uveitis?
Topical steroids
| Dilating drops
48
What is scleritis?
Inflammation of the sclera
49
What are some of the symptoms associated with scleritis?
Very painful
Redness (deep sclera vessels)
Tender
Nodule
50
How is scleritis treated?
Systemic steroids
51
What is orbital cellulitis?
Infection of orbital tissue (usually from sinuses)
52
What are some of the symptoms of orbital cellulitis?
```
Very painful
Redness
Blurred vision
Diplopia
Malaise
Pyrexia
Proptosis
Reduced eye movements
```
53
What are the treatments for orbital cellulitis?
IV ABIs
CT scan
Drainage of pus
54
What test can be used to assess for macular disease?
Amsler chart
55
What test can be used to visualise vessels in the eye?
Fluorescein angiography
56
What test can be used to visualise the layers of retina?
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
57
What are some of the risk factors associated with vascular loss of vision?
Smoking
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
58
Name a vascular event that can result in complete sudden loss of vision
Central retinal artery occlusion
59
What will blood flow through retinal arteries look like in central artery occlusion?
Weak & segmented
60
What is the management for central retinal artery occlusion?
Treat risk factors: BP, cholesterol
| Intravitreal anti Vegf
61
What are the 2 types of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy?
Arteritic: Giant cell arteritis
| Non-Arteritic
62
What are some of the symptoms associated with giant cell arteritis?
```
Loss of vision
headache
loss of appetite
scalp tenderness
pain on chewing
```
63
What are some of the signs of giant cell arteritis?
Raised inflammatory markers
| tenderness over superficial temporal artery
64
What is the management for giant cell arteritis?
High dose steroids
65
What are some of the symptoms of non-arteritic ischaemic neuropathy?
Painless visual loss (usually altitudinal)
66
What are the 4 most common causes of visual loss?
Cataract
Glaucoma
Age related macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopathy
67
What are some of the symptoms of cataract?
Gradual visual loss
| Dazzle/ glare with bright light
68
In chronic glaucoma or POAG, what are the symptoms?
Assymptomatic
| Loss of peripheral field
69
What are some of the symptoms associated with AMD?
Distorsion of images
| Loss of central vision
70
What are some of the signs of AMD?
Distorsion of amsler chart
Pigment epithelial changes (fundoscopy)
Spots called - drusen
71
What are the different types of AMD called?
```
Dry AMD (90%)
Wet AMD (10%) - neovascular
```
72
What is the characeristic sign of dry AMD?
Drusen present at macula
| Atrophy of epithelium
73
What are drusen?
Spots that appear around macula.
| Waste products of photoreceptors which accumulate under pigment epithelium
74
What is treatment for dry AMD?
Low vision aids
| Registration (visually impaired)
75
Does dry AMD affect one or both eyes?
Both
76
What is the pathology of wet AMD?
Growth of new choroidal vessels
77
What type of imaging is gold standard for diagnosing wet AMD?
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
78
What is the management for wet AMD?
Intravitreal Vegf
Low vision aids
Registration
79
What are some of the signs of diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms
Retinal haemorrhage & exudates
Neovascularisation
80
What investigators can be used to assess for diabetic retinopathy?
Fluorescein angiography
| OCT
81
What management is used in diabetic retinopathy?
Intravitreal Vegf
Laser -panretinal photocoagulation
Low vision aids
Registration
82
What symptoms are observed in cavernous sinus thrombosis?
Red, painful swollen eye
No movement
Loss of vision
Previous infection which could spread intracranially
83
What type of cranial nerve palsy presents with ptosis, eye down & out and pupil dilated?
3rd nerve palsy
84
What conditions are associated with IIIn palsy?
Diabetes (parasympathetic spared)
Cerebral artery aneurysm (no pupillary reflex)
85
What cranial nerve palsy is associated with a medially deviated eye?
Abducent (VI) nerve palsy
86
What cranial nerve palsy is associated with in & up movement of eye?
Trochlear (IV) nerve palsy
87
What is a characteristic sign of retinal detachment?
A curtain coming down across visual field
88
What nerve palsy results in inability to open eyelid?
IIIn palsy
89
What nerve palsy results in inability to close eyelid?
VIIn palsy
90
What is the treatment for a hoerdolum?
Warm compress
| Eyelid hygiene
