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Neurology Anatomy and Physiology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

The prosencephalon divides into what secondary vesicles?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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3
Q

The mesencephalon divides into what secondary vesicle?

A

It doesn’t lol - stays as mesencephalon

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4
Q

The rhombencephalon divides into what secondary vesicle?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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5
Q

What is the principle cell of the central nervous system?

A

Neuron

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6
Q

What are the four main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

What is the main function of astrocytes?

A

Gives brain structural support

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8
Q

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produces myelin

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9
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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10
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the open spaces within the brain

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11
Q

What are the two main types of tissue in the brain?

A

Grey matter

White matter

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12
Q

What are the inward projections and outward projections of the brain called?

A

Inward projections - sulci

Outward projections - gyri

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13
Q

Axons are located in white/grey matter

A

White

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14
Q

Neurons are located in white/grey matter

A

Grey

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15
Q

In the brain, white matter is found on the inside/outside

A

Inside

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16
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is found on the inside/outside

A

Outside

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17
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Insular

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18
Q

What forms the posterior border of the frontal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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19
Q

What forms the posterior border of the parietal lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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20
Q

Identify the lobes of the brain

A
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21
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

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22
Q

What is found within the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

The spinal cord terminates at what structure?

A

Conus medullaris

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24
Q

The conus medullaris is anchored to the dorsum of the coccyx by what?

A

Filum terminale

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25
Q

The spinal cord is suspended within its canal by what?

A

Denticulate ligament

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26
Q

Within the spinal cord, the white matter contains cell bodies/axons

A

Axons

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27
Q

Within the spinal cord, the grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies/axons

A

Cell bodies

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28
Q

The white matter in the spinal cord is made up of what fasciculi?

A

Posterior

Lateral

Anterior

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29
Q

How is the grey matter in the spinal cord divided?

A

Left and right anterior and posterior horns

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30
Q

What are the major arteries supplying the spinal cord?

A

1x anterior spinal artery

2x posterior spinal arteries

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31
Q

In the spinal cord, the dura does adhere directly to the periosteum. True/false?

A

False - the epidural space seperates the dura from bone

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32
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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33
Q

As you descend down the spinal cord, there is a larger/smaller proportion of white matter

A

Smaller

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34
Q

Fine touch and proprioception sensation is carried to the brain in which system?

A

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus

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35
Q

Where do the fibres of the DCML system first synapse?

A

Medulla

36
Q

Why is fine touch sensation from the left side detected in the right brain and vice-versa?

A

Because the fibres of the DCML cross in the medulla

37
Q

The second order neuron of the DCML system synapses where?

A

Thalamus

38
Q

What sensations are carried within the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain

Temperature

Deep pressure

39
Q

Where does the first synapse of the spinothalamic tract occur?

A

Cervical cord

40
Q

Where does the second order neuron of the spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

Thalamus

41
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

42
Q

What movement is the corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

Fine/precise

43
Q

Why is the corticospinal tract called the pyramidal tract?

A

As it passes through the pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla

44
Q

What pathology can affect the corticospinal tract?

A

Cerebrovascular accident of internal capsule

45
Q

What motor systems form the extrapyramidal system?

A

Tectospinal tract

Reticulospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

46
Q

What movement does the tectospinal tract mediate?

A

Reflex head and neck

47
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Flocculus

48
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

Via three peduncles

49
Q

What is significant about the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

It is deep grey matter embedded within white matter

50
Q

Where do afferents to the cerebellum arive from?

A

Spinal cord

Cerebral cortex

Vestibular apparatus

51
Q

What is the only efferent projections of the cerebellum?

A

Axons of Purkinje cells

52
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres influence the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

53
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate purposeful movement

Inhibit unwanted movement

Posture/muscle tone

54
Q

What is included within the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Subthalmic nucleus

Substantia nigra

55
Q

The striatum is formed from which basal ganglia structures?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

56
Q

The putamen and globus pallidus form which basal ganglia structures?

A

Lenticular nucleus

57
Q

What is the corpus striatum formed from?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

58
Q

In which disease is the substantia nigra affected?

A

Parkinson’s

59
Q

What occurs in the basal ganglia direct pathway?

A

The outflow of thalamus is increased, stimulating the cortex and enhancing desired movement

60
Q

What occurs in the basal ganglia indirect pathway?

A

The thalamus is slowed down dampening down the cortex and inhibiting unwanted movement

61
Q

Basal ganglia lesions affect the ipsilateral/contralateral side of the body

A

Contralateral

62
Q

What are some motor signs of basal ganglia lesions?

A

Muscle tone changes

Dyskinesias

63
Q

Which is the only sensory modality not to synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

A

CN I

64
Q

What is significant about the nuclei of CNs III, IV, VI and XII?

A

They are found near the midline

65
Q

What is important about the path of the trochlear nerve as it leaves the brainstem?

A

It exits posteriorly before looping round and crossing the brainstem

66
Q

Outline the route of CNXI from when it leaves the spinal cord

A

Passes upward through the foramen magnum before turning and going back out the jugular foramen

67
Q

What are the three sensory nuclei of the trigemenal nerve?

A

Mesencephalic

Pontine trigeminal

Spinal

68
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

Proprioception from chewing muscles

69
Q

What is the function of the spinal nucleus?

A

Defining pain and temperature

70
Q

What tract allows sensations from CN V to reach the thalamus?

A

Ventral trigeminothalamic

71
Q

What are the four nuclei related to the facial nerve?

A

Facial motor

Salivatory

Solitary

Spinal trigeminal

72
Q

What is the function of the salivatory nucleus of CN VII?

A

Parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and pteryogalatine ganglion

73
Q

What is the function of the solitary nucleus of CN VII?

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

74
Q

What are the four nuclei associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Solitary

Spinal trigeminal

Inferior salivatory

Nucleus ambiguus

75
Q

The nucleus ambiguus is related to the action of which muscle?

A

Stylopharyngeus

76
Q

What four nuclei are associated with the vagus nerve?

A

Dorsal (motor)

Solitary (taste)

Spinal trigeminal (pain)

Nucleus ambiguus (motor)

77
Q

Which nuclei in the brain stem are shared by multiple cranial nerves?

A

Solitary nucleus (taste)

Superior and inferior salivatory

Nucleus ambiguus

78
Q

What part of the pyramidal tract is carries motor fibres of cranial nerves?

A

Corticobulbar

79
Q

What structures in the ear are important in sound localisation?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

Lateral lemniscus nucleus

80
Q

On which lobe is the primary auditory complex located?

A

Temporal lobe

81
Q

What area surrounds the primary auditory cortex?

A

Wernicke’s area

82
Q

A patient has difficulty in placing his words in the right order. What area of the brain is affected?

A

Wernicke’s

83
Q

Damage to Broca’s area causes patients to have difficulty with what?

A

Producing language

84
Q

Is there a primary vestibular cortex?

A

No - the brain gets different vestibular information at the same time

85
Q

Outline the parts of the visual pathway

A

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Optic radiation

Visual cortex

86
Q

In which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Occipital

87
Q

What nucleus is involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Neurology Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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