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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves 2-12 are attached at the ___

A

Brainstem

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2
Q

Alternating hemiplegias

A

Central brainstem lesions

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3
Q

Motor cranial nuclei

A

VII, nucleus ambiguus

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4
Q

Sensory spinal cord

A

Dorsal roots
Posterior columns
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior white commissure

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5
Q

Motor spinal cord

A

Lateral Corticospinal tract
Anterior horn
Lateral reticulospinal tract

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6
Q

Brainstem sensory

A 
Spinal lemniscus
Medial lemniscus
Trigeminal lemniscus
Lateral meniscus
Descending tract of V
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7
Q

Brainstem motor

A

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

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8
Q

Brainstem special systems

A

Medial longitudinal fasci

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9
Q

What does trauma to the head cause

A

Hematoma, herniation, hemorrhage’s

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10
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Bridging veins get displacement of the left cerebral hemisphere and midline shift..lateral ventricle enlarged

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11
Q

Problem with 9 vs 10

A

9-oropharyngeal sensation:gag reflex

10-laryngoscopy, dysphonia, dysphagia

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12
Q

9

A

Sensory gag

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13
Q

10

A

Motor gags

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14
Q

Phwhat innervates the pharynx

A

Pharyngeal plexus (in buccopharyngeal fascia)

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15
Q

Sensory of pharyngeal plexus

A

GVA from the pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

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16
Q

Pharyngeal plexus motor

A

SVE fibers from vagus

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17
Q

What conveys afferent information from gag reflex

A

GVA fibers from pharyngeal plexus

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18
Q

Branches of 9

A

Pharyngeal nerve to pharyngeal plexus

Sensory GVA to mucosa of post1/2 tongue and pharynx and sensory (SVA) to taste buds of post 1/3

Motor SVE to stylopharngeus muscle

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19
Q

Spastic hemiplegic involves __ ___

A

Corticospinal tract

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20
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Upper motor neurons

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21
Q

Lesion in Corticospinal tract

A

Contralateral spastic hemiplegia

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22
Q

What is contralateral spastic hemiplegia

A

Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, paralysis, and disuse atrophy

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23
Q

Lesion of ventral roots

A

Lower motor neuron paralysis

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24
Q

LMN paralysis

A

Atonia, areflexia, fasciculation, flaccid paralysis

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25
Q

Supranuclear fascial palsy

A

Corticobulbar tract

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26
Q

Corticobulbar originates where

A

Int he head region of the precentral gyrus

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27
Q

What is the course of the Corticobulbar fibers

A

Through the gene of the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle as uncrossed CBT.
Decussate in lower pons (between I and VII) and descend in the lower brainstem as crossed CBT

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28
Q

Unilateral lesion of uncrossed CBT

A

Supranuclear facial palsy

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29
Q

Unilateral lesion of crossed CBT (below the decussation

A

Ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies

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30
Q

The __ quadrant of the face is unaffected by unilateral lesions of the Corticobulbar fibers

A

Upper

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31
Q

Unilateral lesion of the Corticobulbar fibers to the facial nucleus result in prarlysis of the __ __ __ of the face

A

Controlateral lower quadrant

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32
Q

Proprioceptice and 2 point tactile discrimination loss below L2 dermatomes indicates involvement of what

A

Fasciculus gracillis

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33
Q

Bilateral atonia, areflexia and flaccid paralysis involving C7-T1 motor dermatomes indicates involvement of which of the following

A

Anterior horn neurons

LOWER MOTOR NEURON PARALYSIS

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34
Q

Hemianalgesia and thermal hemianesthesia indicates involvement of what

A

Spinal lemniscus

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35
Q

Alternating hemianalgesia indicates involvement of which of the following

A

Descending tract V (8 and 12)

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36
Q

What causes alternating hemianalgesia

A

Lesion of the descending tract of V and the spinal lemniscus

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37
Q

CPA and Wallenberg syndrome

A

Have alternating hemianalgesia

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38
Q

Lesion of V

A

Complete anesthesia of the face and paralysis of the muscle of mastication

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39
Q

Bilateral diminution of hearing with a more prominent loss in one ear indicates involvement of what

A

Lateral lemniscus

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40
Q

Unilateral lesion of lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, brachium of the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body result in

A

Bilateral diminution of hearing with a more prominent hearing loss in the contralateral ear

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41
Q

One horizontal gaze to the right, the left eye does not adductor and the right eye shows nystagmus indicators involvemtn of which

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

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42
Q

Left eye INO (intraocular opthalmoplegia)

A

Horizontal base to the left is normal, disturbances in gaze to the right

Gaze to the left shows no addition of left eye and nystagmus in right eye

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43
Q

Left internuclear opthaloplegia

A

Normal horizontal gaze to the left

Disturbance in horizontal gaze to the right

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44
Q

With left INO why do we get normal horizontal gaze tot he left and not to the right

A

The oculomotor nucleus on the left and right abducens nucleus are not communicating so have no abduction on left and have nystagmus on right

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45
Q

What does the abducens nucleus mediate? What about the oculomotor

A

Abducens-lateral rectus

Oculomotor-medial rectus

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46
Q

Left homonymous hemianopia indicates involvement of which of the following

A

Optic tract

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47
Q

Unilateral lesions of the lateral geniculate body, complete optic radiations or visual cortex result in ___ ___ ___

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

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48
Q

Left homonymous hemianopia would indicate a lesion on the _ visual pathway

A

Right (optic tract, lateral geniculate body or complete optic radiations)

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49
Q

Internal strabismus indicates involvement of what

A

Abducens nerve

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50
Q

CN1 injury

A

Specific olfactory challenges

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51
Q

CN2 injury

A

Visual fields, light reflexes, acuity

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52
Q

CN3 right

A

Cardinal signs of gaze

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53
Q

CN3 left

A

Complete ptosis, ext. strabismus, pupil dil

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54
Q

CNIV right

A

Cardinal signs of gaze

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55
Q

CN IV left

A

Inability to adduct and depress

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56
Q

CNVI right

A

Cardinal signs of gaze

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57
Q

CN6 left

A

Internal strabismus

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58
Q

CNVII

A

Muscles of facial expression

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59
Q

CNVIII

A

Unilateral impaired hearing

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60
Q

CNIX

A

Oropharyngeal sensation: gag reflex

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61
Q

CNX

A

Laryngoscopy, dysphonia, dysphagia

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62
Q

CNXI

A

Inability to shrug shoulder (trap) or flex or flex and rotate head opposite affected muscle (scm)

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63
Q

CNXII

A

Paralysis, fasciculataions, derivation of protruded tongue to affected side

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64
Q

Contralateral

A

Sensory or motor deficits occurring not he opposite side of the causative lesion

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65
Q

Lesion right motor cerebral cortec

A

Contralateral paralysis of the left side of body

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66
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Sensory of motor deficits occurring on the same side as the causative lesion

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67
Q

Destruction fo the posterior column of spinal cord on right side

A

Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and tactile discrimination fromt he right side of the body below the level of the lesion

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68
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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69
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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70
Q

Somatotropin

A

Sensory or motor pathways convey their fibers in a highly organized laminated fashion as they ascend or descended to specific regions of the cortex

Parts of cortec, major sensory and motor(pyramidal)

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71
Q

Homunculus

A

Cartoon of exaggerated proportions of the cortical map

72
Q

Fasciculus

A

Referring to a bundle of nerves

73
Q

Tract

A

Fasciculus comprised of nerve fibers that have common origin, termination and function

74
Q

Lemniscus

A

Crossed secondary nerve fibers in a conscious sensory pathway

75
Q

Flax herniation

A

Cingulate gyrus herniate across the midline beneath the free edge of the falx

Ie midline shift

76
Q

Tectorial or uncal herniation

A

Hernate cerebrum under falx cerebri and/or through the tentorial notch

77
Q

Herniation of th uncus through the incisors compresses and displaces the ___

78
Q

Bilateral compression of th midbrain reticular formation results in a progressive decrease int he level of _

A

Consciousness

79
Q

Tonsillar herniation

A

Space expanding massies in posterior cranial fossa Macy abuse cerebellar tonsil to herniate through he foramen magnum which can compress the lower medulla.upper cervical spinal cord seen in Arnold chair I malformation

80
Q

Expanding masses int he posterior cranial fossa may ___displace the superior portion of the cerebellum through the tentorial notch and compression the midbrain and related structures

A

Superiorly

81
Q

Cranial nerve and nuclei lesions

82
Q

Unilateral lesion spinal lemniscus

A

Contralateral hemianalgesia and thermal hemianesthesia. Loss of passive touch may be masked by the intact posterior columnmedial lemincasl system

Terminates VPL\contraleral hemianalgesia BODY

83
Q

Unilateral medial lemniscus

A

Maintains somatopic organization of its fibers throughout the brainstem. It ascends, the position of fibers from the upper and lower extremities rotate 90 degrees

-loss of proprioception, two point tactile discrimination and vibratory sensation on the opposite side of the body and limbs

84
Q

Unilateral trigeminal lemniscus

A

Okascends adjacent to medial lemniscus in brainstem and terminated at VMP nucleus of dorsal thalamus

Conveys pain, temperature and crude tactile sensation from the opposite 1.2 of face. Located between medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus

Trigeminal reticulothalmic pathway
C flow pain neurons from the subnucleus caudalis project bilaterally to the brainstem RF as trigeminoretuclar fibers.

85
Q

Unilateral lateral lemniscus

A

Okconveys bilateral auditory information, predominantly to opposite ear. Located in lateral brainstem

Both dorsal and intermediate stria decussate I th e upper medulla and ascend into e contralateral lateral lemniscus

  • auditory path
  • complete deafness
  • sudden loss of hearing BILATERAL diminution of hearing
  • but more prominent loss to contralateral ear
86
Q

Unilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

Internuclear opthalmoplegia
Abnormal response to horizontal gaze int he direction opposite the side of the lesion

Unilateral-impairment or loss of adduction of ipsilateral eye and nystagmus of the abducting eye

87
Q

Unilateral corticospinal lesion

A

Unilateral-contralateral spastic hemiplegic or spastic hemiparesis

Descends through the corona radiata, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, pons and upper medulla. In lower medulla most decussate at pyramidal decussation and form LCST

LCST-descends in lateral funiculars . Most terminate in neuronal pools at all levels of spinal cord (spinal reflex circuits)

Unilateral LCST lesion-ipsilateral paralysis or paresis of the distal limb musculature innervated by those spinal segments below the level of the lesion

Anterior CTS-lesion little effect

88
Q

Corticobulbar tract unilateral lesion

A

Arise from large pyramid ally shaped neurons of beta in primary and premotor cortices with CST
(Originate in head region of precentral gyrus..course through genu of internal capsule and cerebral peduncle as uncrossed CBT -unilateral lesions of uncrossed cause contralateral supranuclear facial palsy. The decussate in lower pons and descend in lower brainstem, unilateral lesions below decussation may cause some ipsilateral CN palsies)
Descending tracts

Lesion causes UMN paralysis
-spastic paralysis off the antigravity muscles (hypertonic, hyperreflexia, babinski sign, clonus and disuse atrophy)

-SUPRANUCLEAR FACIAL PALSY

89
Q

Brainstem lesion: alternating hemiplegias variations

A

Lesion of descending tract of V
And spinal lemniscus
Part of CPA and Wallenberg
-lesio in five causes complete anesthesia of face and paralysis of muscles of mastication

90
Q

Syndrome of PICA / Lateral Medullary SYndrome/Wallenberg

A

Displacement of the PICA on angiograms of the posterior cranial fossa may indicate the presence of a space occupying mass such as a tumor. Thrombosis of the PICA

Causes dysphagia, dysphagia, alternating hemianalgesia

Involved descending 5

  • destruction fo the spinal lemniscus results in contralateral hemianalgesia
  • destruction of the descending tract of V results in ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations from the face (alternating hemianalgesia refers to ipsilateral loss of pain and temp from face and contralateral loss of pain and temp from body)
  • destruction of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
  • destruction for he nucleus ambiguus
  • destruction of the solitary nucleus results in ipsilateral loss of visceral sensations and reflexes from the palate and pharynx. Ipsilateral loss of taste from 1.2 of tongue and pharynx
  • destruction of spinocerebellum tracts may result in asynergia or hypotonia
  • irritation of the vestibular nuclei may result in nystagmus
91
Q

Cerebellopontine angle syndrome

A

Tumor posterior cranial fossa-acoustic neuroma(compress lateral aspect of pone, cerebellum and medulla)

-destruction of the vestibulocochlear nerve results in deafness and vestibular disturbances
-destruction of the facial nerve results in Bell’s palsy
-alternating hemianalgesia refers to ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations from the face and contralateral loss of pain/temperature sensations fromt he body
(Destructing if descending 5 results in ipsilateral loss of pain/temp sensations from the face…destruction oft he spinal lemniscus results in contralateral hemianalgesia of the body)
-involvement of the cerebral artery peduncle results in some degree of ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia, intention tremor, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia

92
Q

Benedikts syndrome

A

Ipsilateral CN3 palsy and contralateral hemitremor

Diplopiaa
Tremor
Ataxia
Contralateralhemiparesis(CST)

Oklesion of the midbrain tegmentum

  • destroy oculomotor nerve results in external strabismus, pupillary dilation and complete ptosis
  • destruction of the medial lemniscus results in a contralateral loss of proprioception and 2 point tactile discrimination fromt he body and limbs
  • lesionsof the red nucleus, fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle and midbrain tegmentum rpesent with ipsilateral oculomotor palsy and contralateral motor dysfunction such as tremor ataxia or choreiform movements. Also spacicity
93
Q

Parinaud syndrome

A

Lesion of superior colliculus which contains a center for controlling upward gaze

-paralysis of upward gaze

Due to a pineal tumor or varix of the great vein of Galen
Also destroy the posterior commissure and concomitant loss of the consensual light reflex

94
Q

Thalamic syndrome(dejerine-Roussy syndrome)

A

Okie to thrombosis of the posterior choriodal or thalamogeniculate branches of the posterior cerebral arteries

  • state of constant spontaneous pain without appropriate external stimulus; diffuse
  • modification of emotional control
  • patient exhibits extreme mood swings from laughter to sobbing within short time
  • may involve contralateral hemihypalgesia (crawling sensation) hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, or auditory deficits
95
Q

Lesion MLF (medial longitudinal fasculus)

A

Converts vestibular influences to the cranial nerves 3, 4, 6 and also has fibers or oculomotor system

Lesion-internuclear ophthalmoplegia

  • abnormal response to horizontal gaze in the direction opposite the side of the lesion
  • impaired of loss of adduction of the ipsilateral eye and a nystagmus of the abducting eye
96
Q

Lesion paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

Critical center for horizontal gaze, which is an enhancement of the RF immediately adjacent to abducens nucleus. It is the staging and coordinating area for the oculomotor system. Sends fibers to the abducens nucleus of same side for influencing ipsilateral lateral rectus. Also projects through the contralateral MLF to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus that innervated the medial rectus

Includes lateral gaze center-
Unilateral lesion-paresis or paralysis of horizontal gaze toward the same side of the lesion and a gaze preference away fromt he side of the lesion. (Due o destruction of fibers from it to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus and contralateral oculomotor nucleus

Fibers from the vestibular nuclei and the adjacent paramedian pontine reticular formation decussate int he lower pons and ascend to the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain .

Lesion symptoms left
Horizontal gaze to right is normal
Horizontal gaze to left showed that the right eye did not adductor and the left eye showed a lateral nystagmus
Both eyes could adductor during convergence

The vestibular nerve has direct connection to it

97
Q

Parkinson’s disease neuroanatomical basis

A

Subcortical degeneration of substantia nigra, globus pallidus, upper brainstem nuclei, an

Nigrostriatal fibers are dopaminergic fibers that originate in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and terminate in the caudate and putamen (striatum) the neurons int his area of the substantia nigra are destroyed in parkinsons)

Absence of descending tracts and neuronal pools(they convey either facilitatory or inhibitory influences upon lower motor neurons)

Most descending motor neurons terminate in lower motor neuron pools.

Neurons in pars compacta are destroyed in parkinsons.

Nigrostriatal fibers (dopaminergic fibers)

98
Q

Huntintinton chorea neuroanatomical basis

A

Nigro-striatal fibers are dopaminergic fibers that originate in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and terminate int he caudate and putamen (striatum) the neurons in this area of the substantia nigra are destroyed in parkinsons

Destruction of the inhibitory GABAnergic fibers in the striatonigral fibers are involved in huntingtons

Chorea is an AD motor disorder on chromosome 4
Normally the gene called Huntington has CAG repeats MORE
SUDEN IRREGULAR AND INVLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

Striatonigral fibers (GABAnergic fibers)
Destroy the inhibitory, GABAnergic fibers on the SN fibers)
99
Q

Hemibalism neuroanatomical basis

A

Parkinsons
Issue with descending tracts

Unilateral lesion in subthalamus (connected to globus pallidus)-regulated output of basal ganglia

Unilateral lesion in subthalamus results in contralateral movement dysfunction characterized by wild movements, flailing or both upper and lower extremities. May be due to the reduction or loss of inhibition of the globus pallidus by the subthalamus.

100
Q

Athetosis neuroanatomical basis

A

Slow involuntary convoluted writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes, and feet

From cerebral palsy,
Huntingtonss

101
Q

Korsakoff syndrome (wernicke’s encephalopathy)

A

Due to bilateral destruction of the mammillary bodies and the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus.

Sequalea of long term alcohol abuse and chronic thiamine defiency

Clinical-impairment of recent memory due to defective encoding at the time of original learning
Memory retreival int act
CONFABULATION to fill gaps in story

OR PITUITARY TUMOR (get bitemporal hemianopsia)

102
Q

Uncal herniation/tentorial herniation

A

Rapid bleeding expands the epidural space, pressing upon the adjacent cerebral hemisphere and herniating the cerebrum under the falx cerebri (falx herniation)

And/or through the tentorial notch (tentorial or uncal hernation)

Herniation of the uncus through the incisors compresses and displaces the midbrain. Bilateral compression of the midbrain reticular formation results in a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness

103
Q

Cerebral cortex lesions

104
Q

Receptive aphasia

From fluent paragrammatical aphasia from wernickes

A

Wernickes aphasie-can Speak fluently but that weird speech pattern

Speech patterns demonstrate numerous word substitutions, neologisms (new word creation), and a circumlocution of language that belies an underlying fundamental comprehension deficit .

Get from damage to wernickes are 22…assembly for language CANT COMPREHEND THE SPOKEN OR WRITTEN WORD

105
Q

Gerstmann syndromes

A

Due to lesion of dominant parietal lobe
Characterized by finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, dysgraphia and dyscalculia

*superior parietal lobule-lesion may cause failure to recognize the body scheme on the opposite side
FINGER AGNOSIA

106
Q

Agnosias

A

From lesion in superior and inferior parietal lobe

Lesion of parietal lobe may disturb our recognition of our own body parts (denial of body scheme) our ability to discrimate objects (agnosia) or our ability to perform certain complex learned motor activities

Auditory agnosia-lesion of auditory association cortec

107
Q

Frontal lobe syndrome

A

The prefrontal lobe is functionally an extension of the Limbic lobe. It is involved int he regulation of depth of our feelings, the affective component of visceral and comatosensory sensations, motivation and personality

Prefrontal tumors, infarcts, or lobotomies may cause patient to be easily distracted, unable to plan, tactless, extroverted, without emotional tensions, or released from inhibitions. No change in intelligence

Characterized by apathy, occasional euphoria, abruptly irritability and socially inappropriate behavior

108
Q

Can’t comprehend spoken words

A

Auditory agnosia

109
Q

Associative visual agnosia

A

Infarction of left occipital lobe and posterior corpus callosum secondary to occlusion fo the posterior cerebral artery may disconnect language from the visual cortex

110
Q

Inability to demonstrate how to produce a voluntary cough

111
Q

Lesion of dominant hemisphere resulting in apraxia is frequently associated with what

112
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Can’t visually recognize objects or pictures

113
Q

How get associative visual agnosia

A

Infarction of left occipital lobe and posterior corpus callosum secondary to occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery

114
Q

Lesion of the middle two thirds of cerebral peduncle

A

CST and Corticobulbar biers

Contralateral hemiplegia
Contralateral supranuclear facial palsy

115
Q

Red nucleus

A

Part of RF
Descending pathway for extrapyramidal systems
Lesions
Spacisity seen with UMN

116
Q

Lesions of RN

A

Intention and or resting tremors bc dentatorubral and dentate-Rubio-thalamic fibers fromt he superior cerebellar peduncle course through the RN

117
Q

Lesion of genu of internal capsule

A

Conveys Corticobulbar fibers

Contralateral supranuclear facial palsy and some other cranial nerve somatic motor deficits

118
Q

Obstruction of cerebral aqueduct

A

Internal hydrocephalus of the lateral third ventricle

119
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

Common tumor of posterior cranial fossa in adults

CPA

120
Q

Vertebral arteries join to form what

A

Basilar artery at level of medulla

121
Q

Chiari malformations

A

Check upper cervical cord for a syrinx

122
Q

Tonsillar herniation

A

Mas herniate the cerebellum superiorly, inferiorly or both

123
Q

LMS

A

Medulla infarct

Dysphagia, dysphagia, and/or alternating hemianalgesia

124
Q

See trigeminal and vestibulocochlear nerves

125
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome

A

PICA problem from medulla damage

Dysphagia, dysphagia and/or alternating hemianalgesia

126
Q

What supplies cerebellum

127
Q

Why may PICA branches be displaced

A

Space occupying lesion in PCF

May herniate cerebellum too (tonsil)

128
Q

What level do we see tonsil

A

Metencephalon

129
Q

Michele eyes mesencephalon

A

Red nucleus

130
Q

Mickeys dot under chin

131
Q

CPA/cerebellopontine angle syndrome

A

Mass of acoustic neurons of vestibulocochlear nerve

132
Q

Obstruction CA

A

Hydrocephalus third and lateral ventricles

133
Q

What in in the genu

A

Corticobulbar and corticoretuclar tract

134
Q

Lesion genu

A

Supranuclear facial palsy and CN somatic motor deficits

135
Q

Red nucleus

A

Part of reticular formation and is part of major descending pathway for the extrapyramidal system (corti our real-spinal path)

136
Q

Lesion red nucleus

A

Spasticity seen with UMN lesions

Resting tremor-damage dentatorubral

137
Q

Dentatorubral fibers

A

From superior cerebellar peduncle course through the RN

138
Q

What level is middle peduncle on

A

Mesencephalon

139
Q

What is in cerebral peduncle

140
Q

Damage to CST at cerebral peduncle along with Corticobulbar fibers

A

Contralateral hemiplegia

Also maybe contralateral supranuclear facial palsy

141
Q

What does insular cortex do

A

Visceral sensation and pain

142
Q

Subthalamus nucleu

A

Subthalmic nucleus
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

143
Q

Amygdaloid to hypothalamus

A

Stria terminalis

144
Q

Mamilllothalmic

A

Hypothalamus to thalamus

145
Q

__ lobe lesion may cause olfactory hallucinations

146
Q

Injury to optic nerve

A

Can be from demyelination
MS
Visual acuity

Visual field defects

147
Q

Damage oculomotor

A

Ipslateral oculomotor palsy
Dilation of pupil and slowed pupillary constriction in response to light
Can’t move eye normally
Also supplies sphincter pupillary and upper eyelid muscle (levator palpebrae)

Strabismus and diplopia

148
Q

Trochlear nerve damage

A

Diplopia from superior oblique paralysis

Down and out

149
Q

Branches of trigeminal

A

V1 occipital
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular (also muscles of mastication)

150
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles

151
Q

What glands does facial nerve control

A

Lacrimal and salivary

152
Q

Sign of CN7 lesion

A

Bell’s palsy
Loss of taste anterior two thirds tongue
Altered lacrimal salivary secretion

153
Q

Lesion CNVIII

A

Tinnitus, vertigo, hearing deficits

154
Q

Conductive deafness

A

External or middle ear

155
Q

Sensorineural deaf

A

Disease in cochlea or central auditory pathway

156
Q

Glossopharyngeal lesion

A

Absence of taste on posterior third of tongue, gag reflex absent on the side of lesion
Change in swallowing

157
Q

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia

A

Sudden onset of pain initiated by swallowing protruding the tongue, talking or touching the palatine tonsil

158
Q

Vagus nerve injury

A

Pharyngeal branches-dysphagia
Superior laryngeal nerve-anesthesia of the superior aspect of the larynx and paralysis of the Cricothyroidotomy muscle

Recurrent-dysphonia or aphonia

159
Q

Lesion nucleus ambiguus

A

Nasal speech, dysphagia, dysphagia, and deviation of the uvula toward the contralateral side

160
Q

Lesion facial motor nucleus

A

In brainstem

Atrophy of muscles of facial expression

161
Q

The muscles of the face receive input from

A

Contralateral input from opposite motor cortex

162
Q

Direct activation path

A

UMN to pyramida tract

163
Q

Indirect path

A

Extrapyramidal tract which has contact with LMN

164
Q

Control circuits

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, have NO direct contact with LMN

165
Q

UMN

A

From motor cortex and synapse onto cranial nerve nuclei in contralateral brainstem (corticobulbar) or onto cells in the contralateral spinal cord (corticospinal tract)

166
Q

LMN

A

Originate in cranial nerve nucleu(cranial nerve) or spinal cord(spinal nerves) they synapse onto muscles

167
Q

What is the junction between LMN and muscle

A

Motor end plate

168
Q

CST

A

Main path for all voluntary msucles
UMN
Cross at pyramids

169
Q

Prefrontal cortex UMN

A

UMN initiate movement

170
Q

Frontal lobe UMN

A

Do not initiate impulse

Suppress and inhibit LMN

171
Q

If lose inhibitory UMN

A

Spasticity

172
Q

CBT

A

UMN from motor cortex lower third

Crosses

173
Q

Damage UMN

A

Spasticity and cant initiate skilled movement

Reflexes exaggerated

174
Q

LMN damage

A

Flaccidity decreased muscle tone

175
Q

Bilateral UMN lesion

A

Spastic dysarthria
Pseudobulbar dysarrhythmia
Strained phonation imprecise articulation

176
Q

Unilateral UMN lesion

A

Flaccid dysarthria

Unilateral lower facial weakness vocal prob

Moores Blue Boxes (15 decks)

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