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Moores Blue Boxes > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Active range of motion

A

Voluntary

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2
Q

Passive range of motion

A

Involuntary

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3
Q

How are joints classified

A

By type of material uniting or bonding the articulating bones

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4
Q

What are the three fibrous joints (synarthroses)

A

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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5
Q

What are the two cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

A

Hyaline (synchondroses)

Fibrocartilage (symohyses)

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6
Q

What are the three synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

Spheroid
Hinge
Condylar

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7
Q

Movement of fibrous joints

A

Dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones

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8
Q

Why do sutures have little movement

A

Held together by several layers of strong CT

Extremely tight, LITTLE movement

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9
Q

Suture edge:squamous type

A

Edges overlap

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10
Q

Suture edges: serrate type

A

The edges interlock

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11
Q

In syndesmosis, bones are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue. Can be a __ or a __ __

A

Ligament

Fibrous membrane

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12
Q

Give example of syndesmosis

A

Interosseous membrane
Ankle syndesmosis
Tympanostapedial syndesmosis

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13
Q

Movement of fibrous syndesmosis

A

Depends on distance between bones and the degree of flexibility of the uniting fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Gomphosis

A

Unique joint between tooth and the bone in its alveolus (socket)

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15
Q

Example of gomphosis

A

Fibrous tissue of the periodontal ligament firmly anchors the tooth

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16
Q

Movement of cartilaginous joints

A

Small rocking, sliding motion

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17
Q

Another name for hyaline

A

Synchondroses

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18
Q

Another name for fibrocartilage

A

Symphyses

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage is usually a ___ union. What happens later

A

Temporary bc it permits growth

Later fuses when growth is complete

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline

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21
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Surfaces of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and the bones are united by strong fibrous CT and/or fibrocartilage

Strong slightly movable

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22
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Pubic symphysis

IV discs are fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Synovial joints the the most __ joint

A

Common

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24
Q

Characteristics of synovial joint

A

Provide free movement

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25
Q

Why are they called synovial joints

A

Lubricating synovial fluid

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26
Q

What are synovial joints lined by

A

Synovial membranes or capsules

Some contain fibrocartilage disc or meniscus

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27
Q

Distinguishing features of synovial joints

A 
Synovial membrane (produces fluid)
Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
Articular cartilage (hyaline-covers ends of bones, aides in reducing friction)
Articular joint capsule(usually reinforced with accessory ligaments which are either separate or attached to the capsule
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28
Q

What is articular cartilage. What is its blood supply.

A

Usually hyaline

NO BLOOD VESSELS or nerve supple

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29
Q

What nourishes articular cartilage of synovial joint if no blood or nerve suply

A

Synovial fluid which obtain nutrients from capillaries in the synovial membrane

30
Q

Is the articular capsule vascular

A

Yup by covered by synovial membrane which is vascular

31
Q

What is the articular joint capsule

A

Fibrous capsule that envelops the articulation or joint

32
Q

Describe the synovial membrane

A

Vascular ct membrane that lines the entire joint cavity
Does not cover articular cartilage
Produces synovial fluid
Regenerates if damages

33
Q

Accessory ligament sof the synovial capsule

A

Either part of their fibrous capsules(intrinsic) or are separate fromt he fibrous capsules (extrinsic)

Limit joint movements in undesireable directions to aid in preventing damage to the joint
Maintain the normal relationship between the articulating bones
Can be injured easily (tears, sprains)

34
Q

Articular discs of synovial joints

A

Present where the articulating surfaces are incongruous(articular disc of the wrist)
Usually fibrocartilaginous pads holding bones together
Nerves present only at attached margins

35
Q

Fibrocartilaginous ring (labrum)

A

Deepens the articular surface for one of the bones

Ex glenoid labrum of the shoulder joint

36
Q

Tendons within the capsule of the joint:synovial

A

Ex-tendon of hte long head of the biceps brachii muscle runs within the capsule of the shoulder joint

37
Q

How are synovial joints classified

A

Shape of articulating surfaces and/or type of motion permitted

38
Q

Plane joints

A

Numerous and small
Permit gliding or sliding
Opposed bone surfaces flat or almost flat
OST move on onyl one axis (uniaxial)
Movement limited by tight articular capsules
Injuries are relatively common

39
Q

Example of plane joint

A

AC, proximal tibiofibular, intercarpal, sc

40
Q

Hinge joints:synovial

A

Uniaxial

Strong collateral ligaments

41
Q

Where are hinge joints

A

Elbow knee ankle interphalangeal joints

42
Q

Ball and socket joint: synovial

A

Multiaxial, highly movable
Spheroidal surface of one bone moves within the socket of another bone
Flexion/extension, ad/ad, medial lateral rotation, circumduction

43
Q

Example of ball and socket

A

Hip and shoulder

44
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial joint
Allows rotation
One element rotate on its own axis

45
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

AA

Radioulnar

46
Q

Condyloid and ellipsis joints

A

Partial flattening of both articular surfaces

Modified spheroid

47
Q

Example of condyloid and ellipsoid joints

A

MCP radiocarpal

48
Q

Saddle joints(sellar)

A

Biaxial with opposing surfaces shaped like a saddle

Allows extension/flexion ab/ad an d ircumduction

49
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

Carpametacarpal of thumb

50
Q

Joitns have a rich nerve supply! Nerve endings are found in the articular capsule. What is Hilton’s law

A

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the attachments of these muscles

51
Q

Sensation of joints

A

Proprioception-provides awareness and info concerning the movement, resistance and position of the joint

52
Q

Pain fibers are numerous int he fibrous capsule and its associated ligaments

A

Sensory endings response to twisting and stretching

53
Q

Wolffs law

A

Bone is increased where needed and reabsorbed where it is not

54
Q

What can wolffs law explain

A

Decreased density related to disuse or aging

Increased density hypertrophy related to increase stresses

55
Q

Cartilage remodeling and adaptation

A

Trauma or abnormal wear leads to structural disruption of matrix
Loses elasticity therefore increases stiffness
Limited capacity to regenerate or repair
With repeated high stresses can lead to development of degenerative joint disease

56
Q

Ligaments and tendons remodeling and adaptation

A

Becomes stronger and suffer with increased stress
Physical training increase number and quality of collagen cross links

Become weaker and less stiff with a reduction of stress
Lose collagen from immobilization and aging

57
Q

Synovial joints are well designed to withstand wear, but heavy use can cause degenerative changes
. What does this result in

A

Stiffness , discomfort or pain

58
Q

Three basic forms of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis

Inflammatory

Traumatic

59
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over time

60
Q

Inflammatory arthritis

A

Autoimmune

Immune system turns against the body its designed to protect for unknown reasons and causes degeneration of joints

61
Q

Traumatic arthritis

A

Occurs following injury, excessive movement or physical trauma such as a penetrating wound. Sports injuries are a common cause of traumatic arthritis

62
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint wear
Hips and knees
Supports the weight of the body
Can affect younger people depending on activity

63
Q

Why is excessive twisting and stretching of the articular capsule very painful

A

Highly sensitive
Synovial membrane is relatively insensitive

Joint pain is poorly localized
Can be referred to overlying skin or muscle (Hilton’s law)
May be visceral disturbances associated

64
Q

Fibrillation

A

Early degenerative change of the articular cartilage due to the loss of proteoglycans
Unmasks collagen fibers and increases water content in chondrocytes
Equivalent of a superficial erosion of the cartilage
Affected cartilage becomes dull with a yellowing discoloration taking a characteristic ground glass appearance

65
Q

Eburnation

A

Complete loss of articular cartilage
Accompanied by thickening of the subchondral bone (osteosclerosis)
Exposed bone surfaces take an ivory like appearance
It is a PERMANANT lesion since lost cartilage cant be repaired

66
Q

Joint degeneration

A

Joint mice (osteochondromatosis)
-fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid
Pieces of degenerating cartilage detachfrom the subchondral bone
Commonly seen in degenerative joint diseases
Particularly in osteochondrosis dissects

67
Q

Arthroscopy

A

The cavity of the synovial joint can be examined by inserting a cannula and an arthroscope

68
Q

What do joitns receive blood from

A

Articular arteries that arise from the vessels around the joint. The arteries often anastomose (commmunicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply to and across the joint in the various positions assumed by the joint

69
Q

Articular veins

A

Are communicating veins that accompany arteries and are located

70
Q

Where are the articular arteries and veins located

A

In the joint capsule , mostly the synovial membrane

Moores Blue Boxes (15 decks)

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