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Moores Blue Boxes > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Active range of motion

A

Voluntary

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2
Q

Passive range of motion

A

Involuntary

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3
Q

How are joints classified

A

By type of material uniting or bonding the articulating bones

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4
Q

What are the three fibrous joints (synarthroses)

A

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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5
Q

What are the two cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

A

Hyaline (synchondroses)

Fibrocartilage (symohyses)

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6
Q

What are the three synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

Spheroid
Hinge
Condylar

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7
Q

Movement of fibrous joints

A

Dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones

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8
Q

Why do sutures have little movement

A

Held together by several layers of strong CT

Extremely tight, LITTLE movement

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9
Q

Suture edge:squamous type

A

Edges overlap

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10
Q

Suture edges: serrate type

A

The edges interlock

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11
Q

In syndesmosis, bones are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue. Can be a __ or a __ __

A

Ligament

Fibrous membrane

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12
Q

Give example of syndesmosis

A

Interosseous membrane
Ankle syndesmosis
Tympanostapedial syndesmosis

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13
Q

Movement of fibrous syndesmosis

A

Depends on distance between bones and the degree of flexibility of the uniting fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Gomphosis

A

Unique joint between tooth and the bone in its alveolus (socket)

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15
Q

Example of gomphosis

A

Fibrous tissue of the periodontal ligament firmly anchors the tooth

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16
Q

Movement of cartilaginous joints

A

Small rocking, sliding motion

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17
Q

Another name for hyaline

A

Synchondroses

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18
Q

Another name for fibrocartilage

A

Symphyses

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage is usually a ___ union. What happens later

A

Temporary bc it permits growth

Later fuses when growth is complete

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline

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21
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Surfaces of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and the bones are united by strong fibrous CT and/or fibrocartilage

Strong slightly movable

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22
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Pubic symphysis

IV discs are fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Synovial joints the the most __ joint

A

Common

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24
Q

Characteristics of synovial joint

A

Provide free movement

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25
Why are they called synovial joints
Lubricating synovial fluid
26
What are synovial joints lined by
Synovial membranes or capsules | Some contain fibrocartilage disc or meniscus
27
Distinguishing features of synovial joints
``` Synovial membrane (produces fluid) Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular cartilage (hyaline-covers ends of bones, aides in reducing friction) Articular joint capsule(usually reinforced with accessory ligaments which are either separate or attached to the capsule ```
28
What is articular cartilage. What is its blood supply.
Usually hyaline | NO BLOOD VESSELS or nerve supple
29
What nourishes articular cartilage of synovial joint if no blood or nerve suply
Synovial fluid which obtain nutrients from capillaries in the synovial membrane
30
Is the articular capsule vascular
Yup by covered by synovial membrane which is vascular
31
What is the articular joint capsule
Fibrous capsule that envelops the articulation or joint
32
Describe the synovial membrane
Vascular ct membrane that lines the entire joint cavity Does not cover articular cartilage Produces synovial fluid Regenerates if damages
33
Accessory ligament sof the synovial capsule
Either part of their fibrous capsules(intrinsic) or are separate fromt he fibrous capsules (extrinsic) Limit joint movements in undesireable directions to aid in preventing damage to the joint Maintain the normal relationship between the articulating bones Can be injured easily (tears, sprains)
34
Articular discs of synovial joints
Present where the articulating surfaces are incongruous(articular disc of the wrist) Usually fibrocartilaginous pads holding bones together Nerves present only at attached margins
35
Fibrocartilaginous ring (labrum)
Deepens the articular surface for one of the bones | Ex glenoid labrum of the shoulder joint
36
Tendons within the capsule of the joint:synovial
Ex-tendon of hte long head of the biceps brachii muscle runs within the capsule of the shoulder joint
37
How are synovial joints classified
Shape of articulating surfaces and/or type of motion permitted
38
Plane joints
Numerous and small Permit gliding or sliding Opposed bone surfaces flat or almost flat OST move on onyl one axis (uniaxial) Movement limited by tight articular capsules Injuries are relatively common
39
Example of plane joint
AC, proximal tibiofibular, intercarpal, sc
40
Hinge joints:synovial
Uniaxial | Strong collateral ligaments
41
Where are hinge joints
Elbow knee ankle interphalangeal joints
42
Ball and socket joint: synovial
Multiaxial, highly movable Spheroidal surface of one bone moves within the socket of another bone Flexion/extension, ad/ad, medial lateral rotation, circumduction
43
Example of ball and socket
Hip and shoulder
44
Pivot joint
Uniaxial joint Allows rotation One element rotate on its own axis
45
Example of pivot joint
AA | Radioulnar
46
Condyloid and ellipsis joints
Partial flattening of both articular surfaces | Modified spheroid
47
Example of condyloid and ellipsoid joints
MCP radiocarpal
48
Saddle joints(sellar)
Biaxial with opposing surfaces shaped like a saddle | Allows extension/flexion ab/ad an d ircumduction
49
Example of a saddle joint
Carpametacarpal of thumb
50
Joitns have a rich nerve supply! Nerve endings are found in the articular capsule. What is Hilton’s law
Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the attachments of these muscles
51
Sensation of joints
Proprioception-provides awareness and info concerning the movement, resistance and position of the joint
52
Pain fibers are numerous int he fibrous capsule and its associated ligaments
Sensory endings response to twisting and stretching
53
Wolffs law
Bone is increased where needed and reabsorbed where it is not
54
What can wolffs law explain
Decreased density related to disuse or aging | Increased density hypertrophy related to increase stresses
55
Cartilage remodeling and adaptation
Trauma or abnormal wear leads to structural disruption of matrix Loses elasticity therefore increases stiffness Limited capacity to regenerate or repair With repeated high stresses can lead to development of degenerative joint disease
56
Ligaments and tendons remodeling and adaptation
Becomes stronger and suffer with increased stress Physical training increase number and quality of collagen cross links Become weaker and less stiff with a reduction of stress Lose collagen from immobilization and aging
57
Synovial joints are well designed to withstand wear, but heavy use can cause degenerative changes . What does this result in
Stiffness , discomfort or pain
58
Three basic forms of arthritis
Osteoarthritis Inflammatory Traumatic
59
Osteoarthritis
Most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over time
60
Inflammatory arthritis
Autoimmune | Immune system turns against the body its designed to protect for unknown reasons and causes degeneration of joints
61
Traumatic arthritis
Occurs following injury, excessive movement or physical trauma such as a penetrating wound. Sports injuries are a common cause of traumatic arthritis
62
Osteoarthritis
Joint wear Hips and knees Supports the weight of the body Can affect younger people depending on activity
63
Why is excessive twisting and stretching of the articular capsule very painful
Highly sensitive Synovial membrane is relatively insensitive Joint pain is poorly localized Can be referred to overlying skin or muscle (Hilton’s law) May be visceral disturbances associated
64
Fibrillation
Early degenerative change of the articular cartilage due to the loss of proteoglycans Unmasks collagen fibers and increases water content in chondrocytes Equivalent of a superficial erosion of the cartilage Affected cartilage becomes dull with a yellowing discoloration taking a characteristic ground glass appearance
65
Eburnation
Complete loss of articular cartilage Accompanied by thickening of the subchondral bone (osteosclerosis) Exposed bone surfaces take an ivory like appearance It is a PERMANANT lesion since lost cartilage cant be repaired
66
Joint degeneration
Joint mice (osteochondromatosis) -fragments of cartilage and/or bone floating free in synovial fluid Pieces of degenerating cartilage detachfrom the subchondral bone Commonly seen in degenerative joint diseases Particularly in osteochondrosis dissects
67
Arthroscopy
The cavity of the synovial joint can be examined by inserting a cannula and an arthroscope
68
What do joitns receive blood from
Articular arteries that arise from the vessels around the joint. The arteries often anastomose (commmunicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply to and across the joint in the various positions assumed by the joint
69
Articular veins
Are communicating veins that accompany arteries and are located
70
Where are the articular arteries and veins located
In the joint capsule , mostly the synovial membrane

Moores Blue Boxes (15 decks)

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