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Moores Blue Boxes > Gait Cycle > Flashcards

Gait Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gait cycle

A

Heel strike to heel strike

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2
Q

Goals of heel strike

A 
Lower forefoot to ground
Continue deceleration (reverse forward swing)
Preserve longitudinal arch of foot
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3
Q

During heel strike the ankle is ___ (eccentric contraction). What muscle does this

A

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior

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4
Q

During heelstrike the hip is ____. What muscle does this

A

Extended

Gluteus Maximus

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5
Q

During heel strike, what preserves the longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Intrinsic foot msucles-flexor digital rum brevis

Long tendon of foot-tibialis anterior

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6
Q

What are the mechanical goals of the loading response (flat foot)

A

Accept weight
Decelerate mass (slow dorsiflexion)
Stabilize palvix
Preserve longitudinal arch of foot

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7
Q

During loading phase. What muscles accept weight. Give an example

A

Knee extensors. Quadriceps

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8
Q

During loading phase, the hip ____ to stabilize the pelvis. What muscles do this

A

Abducts

Gluteus menus and minimum and tensor fascia lata

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9
Q

During the loading response how do we decelerate mass. What muscles

A

Ankle plantarflexors like triceps surae(soleus and gastrocnemius)

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10
Q

Do=ruing loading response, how do we preserve the longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Intrinsic muscles ofthe foot-flexor digital rum brevis

Long tendons of the foot-tibialis posterior, long flexors of digits

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11
Q

Mechanical goals of midstance

A

Stabilize knee, control dorsiflexion (preserve momentum), stabilize pelvis, preserve longitudinal arch of foot

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12
Q

During midstance, the knee is stabilized by knee ___. Give example

A

Extensors

Quadriceps

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13
Q

During midstance, the ankle ___ control dorsiflexion. Give an example

A

Plantarflexors

Triceps surae

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14
Q

During midstance how do we stabilize the pelvis

A

Hip abductors like gluteus mediums, minimums and tensor fascia lata

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15
Q

During midstance how to we preserve the longitudinal arch

A

Same

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16
Q

What are the mechanical goals of terminal stance

A

Accelerate mass
Stabilize pelvis
Preserve arches of foot:fix forefoot

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17
Q

During terminal stance (heel off) the ankle ____ accelerate mass. Give example (concentric contraction)

A

Plantarflexors

Triceps surae

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18
Q

During terminal stance how do we stabilize the pelvis

A

Hip abductors like gluteus mediums and minimums and tensor fascia lata

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19
Q

During terminal stance, how do we preserve arches of the foot: fix forefoot

A

Intrinsic muscles of foot-adductor hallucis

Long tendons of foot-tibialis posterior;long flexors of digits

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20
Q

What are the mechanical goals of pressing (toe off)

A

Accelerate mass
Preserve arches of foot:fix forefoot
Decelerate thigh; prepare for swing

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21
Q

In pressing, how do we accelerate mass

A

Long flexors of digits like flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus

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22
Q

In preswing how do we preserve arches of foot:fix forefoot

A

Sa,e

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23
Q

In preswing how do we decelerate thigh; prepare for swing

A

Flexor of hip (eccentric contraction

Iliopsoas ; rectus femoris

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24
Q

What is the stance phase

A

Heel strike-preswing

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25
Q

What is the swing phase

A

Initial swing-terminal swing

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26
Q

What are the mechanism goals of initial swing

A

Accelerate thigh and vary cadence

Clear foot

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27
Q

In initial swing how do we accolade thigh

A

Flex hip with iliopsoas and rectus femoris

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28
Q

In initial swing how do we clear foot

A

Ankle dorsiflexors like tibialis anterior

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29
Q

What are the mechanical goals of midswing

A

Clear foot

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30
Q

In midswing how do we clear the foot

A

Ankle dorsiflexion with tibialis anterior

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31
Q

What are the mechanical goals of terminal swing

A

Decelerate thigh
Decelerate leg
Position foot
Extend knee to place foot (control stride) prepare for contact

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32
Q

In terminal swing how do we decelerate thigh

A

Hip extensors (eccentric contraction) like gluteus Maximus and hamstrings

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33
Q

In terminal swing how do we decelerate the leg

A

Knee flexors (eccentric contraction) like hamstring

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34
Q

In terminal swing how do we position the foot

A

Ankle dorsiflexors like tibialis anterior

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35
Q

In swing phase how do we extend the knee to place the foot (control stride); prepare for contact

A

Knee extensors like quadriceps

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36
Q

What is the average step length

A

14-16 inches

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37
Q

Average stride length

A

28-32 inches

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38
Q

What is stride

A

Same foot to same foot

39
Q

What is average cadence

A

90-120 steps per minute

40
Q

Do women or men have higher cadence

A

Women 6-9 steps per minute

41
Q

Average walking speed

A

3 mph

42
Q

Gait cycle definition

A

Heel strike to next heel strike of same foot

43
Q

What are the 2 phases of gait

A

Stance and swing

44
Q

What is stance

A

When foot is in contact with ground

45
Q

What is swing

A

When foot is not in contact with the ground

46
Q

At contact the ___ calcaneous strikes ground, and at point of impact, tibia ___ rotates, causing calcaneous to ____ and talus to ___ and ___ to unlock midtarsal joints and provide maximum shock absorption

A

Lateral
Internallly
Every
Drop adduct

47
Q

The cycle progresses from flat foot to heel off as rear foot fully ___, metatarsals hit ground to bring foot flat on ground and body’s center of gravity passes from ___ to ___ the foot

A

Pronates

Behind to over

48
Q

During midstance the subtalar joint ______ (calcaneous __ and talus ___) and locks midtarsal joints, transforming for from a shock absorber to a rigid lever

A

Resupinates
Everts
Abducts

49
Q

In midstance, the posterior tibialis is an important restraint to overpronation and is an active foot ____. As the body passes over midfoot, it places ankle in maximal ____, putting a maximal preloads on the _____-___ complex

A

Supination
Dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius-soleus

50
Q

What is propulsion

A

Heel lift progresses to toe off

51
Q

In propulsion, ___ of MTP joints, especially 1, result in what

A

Extension

Windlass effect of plantar fascia that elevates the arch and further assists in supination. Of the foot

52
Q

In propulsion, the foot is no a rigid lever and used to propel the body forward by maximal contraction of what

A

Gastrocnemius soleus and hamstrings

53
Q

During propulsion at toe off, the line of progression usually passes between 1 and 2 metatarsals that are in maximal ___-

A

Extension

54
Q

During the swing phase, the foot ___ to keep toes from hitting the ground and ____ to position foot for lateral calcaneus to Make contact

A

Dorsiflexes

Supinate

55
Q

60% of the gait cycle is

A

Stance

56
Q

What phases are stance

A

Contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, preswing

57
Q

What stage of stance is the shortest and what is longest

A

Initial contact

Preswing

58
Q

40% of gait cycle is in

A

Swing

59
Q

Initial contact

A

Establish contact with leading foot begins stance

60
Q

Loading response

A

Shock absorption, begin weight bearing

Continue progression of forward movement

61
Q

Mid stance

A

Limb and trunk stability

Progression over stationary foot

62
Q

Terminal stance

A

Progression past stationary foot

Prepare for swing

63
Q

Pre swing

A

Weight release from stationary foot

Position limb for swing

64
Q

Initial swing

A

Prepare for foot clearance

Advance foot from trailing position

65
Q

Mid swing

A

Foot clearance limb advancement

66
Q

Terminal swing

A

Prepare for stance

Complete limb advancement

67
Q

Requirements of gait

A 
Stability in stance
Foot clearance in swing
Preposition for initial contact
Adequate step length
Energy conservation
68
Q

How clear foot

A

Ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, hip flexion, retain stability in stance

69
Q

How pre position for initial contact

A

Foot ankle knee and hip in alignment

Ready to place foot and absorb weight transfer

70
Q

Step length too short

A

Expend energy and have minimal progress

71
Q

Step length too long

A

Lose balance and strain ligaments and muscles

72
Q

How do we conserve energy in gait cycle

A

Center of gravity moves less than 2 inches up and down
Pelvic list
Innominate rotation
Lateral displacement of pelvis

73
Q

What is pelvic list

A

In early stance, as weight being transferred to foot, hip on non weight bearing side DROPS about 2 inches

74
Q

Pelvic rotation

A

As foot moves forward for heel strike, Innominate rotates forewarn in sagittal plane
Effect is to lengthen femur
Rotation is 4 degrees and reverses in stance

75
Q

Lateral displacement of pelvis

A

2 legged walk, feet hit about 2-4 inches apart
Only 1 foot on ground eighty percent of time
Center of mass has to compensate
Pelvis shifts 2 inches laterally
Facilitates abduction of hip during stance

76
Q

Antalgic gait

A

Painful

77
Q

Arthrogenic gait

A

Stiff

78
Q

Ataxic gait

A

Unsteady

79
Q

Hemiplegic gait

A

Semicircle

80
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A

Shuffling

81
Q

Steppage gait

A

Foot drop

82
Q

Signs of antalgic gait

A

Swing enhanced on affected side
Stance phase shortened on affected side
Adopted limp to avoid pain on weight bearing side

83
Q

Causes of antalgic gait

A

Trauma, osteoarthritis, pelvic girdle pain, coxalgia, tarsal tunnel syndrome

84
Q

Signs of arthrogenic gait

A

Due to stiffness in affected joints, (usually hop or knee0 from deformity/decreased joint space
Plantar flexion fo foot opposite to affected side during stance phase to increase clearance
Affected lef is circumducted
Step is shorter
Not always painful

85
Q

Causes of arthrogenic gait

A

Osteoarthritis of hip/knee

Post orthopedic surgeries of hip/knee

86
Q

Signs of ataxia gait

A

Unsteady uncoordinated walk-lurch or stagger
Watches feet
Needs broad base of support-wide base and feet thrown out
Loss of sensation or control

87
Q

Causes of ataxic gait

A 
Vestibularcerebellar abscess/hemorrhage
Friedreichs ataxia’pontine cerebellar atrophy
Chronic mercury poisoning 
Posterior fossa tumor
Wernickes syndrome 
Drugs
88
Q

Hemiplegic gait sign (circumduction)

A

Leg is stiff without flexion at knee or hip
Leg rotated away from body then towards it creating a semicircle
May see upper extremity involvement

89
Q

Causes of hemiplegic gait

A

Strokes

Spinal cord injuries

90
Q

Parkinsonian gait description

A

Small shuffling
Hypokinesia(slow)
Akinesia if extreme
Reduced stride length and walking speed whole cadence rate is increased

91
Q

Causes of parkinsonian gait (festinating)

A

Parkinson’s disease

Drugs(antipsychotics)

92
Q

Description of steppage

A

Full foot drop
Hip raised very high to clear toe
Shoe foot may drag if not high enough
Clomping sound with high steps

93
Q

Causes of steppage gait

A 
Peroneal nerve injury secondary to 
Lumbar disc herniation 
Poliomyelitis
MS
Guillain barre syndrome 
Parkinson’s

Moores Blue Boxes (15 decks)

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