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EM: > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

the midbrain

A
  • mesencephalon
  • divided into tectum and the cerebral peduncle
  • tectum
    • superior and inferior colliculi
  • cerebral peduncle
    • tegmentum dorsally
    • crus cerebri ventrally
    • tegmentum and crura are divided by the substantia negra
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2
Q

the forebrain

A
  • prosencephalon
  • composed of
    1. diencephalon
      • thalamus
      • hypothalamus
    2. telancephalon
      • cerebral cortex
      • basal ganglia
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3
Q

main cortices found in the frontal lobe

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
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4
Q

main things found in the temporal lobes

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • wernicke’s
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
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5
Q

main things found in the perietal lobes

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
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6
Q

main things found in the occipital lobe

A
  • primary visual cortex
  • visual association cortex
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7
Q

which sulcus seperates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

the lateral sulcus

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8
Q

what is the insula

A

the floor of the lateral sulcus

opercula overly the insula and are like the ‘lips’ that form the channel into the insula

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9
Q

two layers of dura mater

A
  • endosteal
    • lines skull
  • meningeal
    • envelopes entire CNS
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10
Q

what is the dura lying in the longitudinal fissure called?

A

the falx cerebri

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11
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

dura forming thick roof to the cerebellum

contains the straight sinus which attaches to the falx cerebri

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12
Q

transverse sinuses

A

sinuses that run along the attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to the occipital bone

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13
Q

the diaphragm sellae

A

this is a small dural fold that makes a roof for the pituitary fossa (the sella turcica)

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14
Q

falx cerebelli

A

sickle shaped reflection of dura seperating the lobes of the cerebellum

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15
Q

sigmoid sinus

A

curly sinues that drains the blood from the transverse sinuses into the jugular

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16
Q

summarise sinuses

A
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17
Q

cisterna ambiens

A

this is a system of cisterns that encircles the midbrain

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18
Q

where are the pontine cistern, the cerebellomedullary cistern and the interpeduncular cistern

A
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19
Q

extradural hemmorhage

A
  • between skull and dura
  • strips skull of dura and compresses brain
  • hemorrhages from meningeal arteries
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20
Q

subdural hemorrhage

A
  • between the dura and the arachnoid
  • crescent shaped CT
    *
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21
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • blood between the arachnoid and the pia
  • bood fills sulci locally to injury
  • head injury or rupture of berry aneurism
  • thunderclap headache
  • high mortality rate
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22
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A
  • rupture of small vessels/microaneurisms
  • classical location is in the internal capsule
  • often caused by high blood pressure
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23
Q

amaurosis fugax

A
  • temporary loss of vision in one eye
  • carotid plaque breaks off and occludes central retinal artery
  • this is a warning of an impending stroke
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24
Q

3 contributing elements of the blood brain barrier

A
  1. the endothelial cells of the capillaries
  2. the basement membrane of the pia
  3. the astrocytic end feet
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25
Q

what layer are the arteries and veins on the surface of the brain in?

A
  • within trabeculae within the subarachnoid space
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26
Q

how much of brain blood supply is supplied by internal carotids and the vertebral arteries

A
  • internal carotids supply 80% of total blood supply
    • these supply the anterior and middle parts of the brain
  • the vertebral arteries supply 20% of total blood supply
    • they supply the posterior cerebrum and the cerebellum
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27
Q

draw the circle of willis

A
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28
Q

what is the anterior circulation of the brain

A
  • it’s the circulation supplied by:
    • anterior cerebral artery
    • middle cerebral artery
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29
Q

what is the posterior circulation of the brain

A
  • it’s the circulation supplied by:
    • AICA
    • PICA
    • Basilar artery
    • Pontine arteries
    • Superior cerebellar artery
    • Posterior cerebral artery
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30
Q

describe the blood supply territories of the brain

A
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31
Q

how does the internal carotid enter the skull

A
  • it doesn’t enter the foramen lacerum itself
  • it enters through the carotid foramen and then passes through the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone
  • the carotid canal ends deep to the foramen lacerum
  • therefore it looks like it comes out the foramen lacerum in a dead skull
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32
Q

the vertebral arteries

A
  • vertebral arteris arise from the first part of the subclavian
  • enter the skull through the foramen magnum
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33
Q

external cerebral veins drain where

A

into the dural venous sinuses

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34
Q

what is the great cerebral vein and where does it drain into

A
  • great cerebral vein of galen
  • drains deep structures of the brain into the straight sinus
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35
Q

what can be found in the cavernous sinus

A
  • 5 cranial nerves
    • oculomotor
    • abducens
    • trochlear
    • opthalmic (V1)
    • maxillary (V2)
  • the internal carotid can also be found in it
36
Q

where is CSF produced

A
  • in the choroid plexus in the ventricles
  • the largest aggregation of choroid plexus is in the lateral ventricles
  • it passes out through the foramen of magendie and luschka into the sub arachnoid space (cerebellomedullary cistern)
  • then it can spread in the subarachnoid space and bathe the rest of the brain
37
Q

which cells line the ventricles

A
  • ependymal cells
  • these constitute the CSF brain barrier
38
Q

Foramina of the skull and which cranial nerves leave through them

A
39
Q

parasympathetic fibres to the orbit

A
  • PS fibres from CN III
    • Originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain
    • They travel to the cilliary ganglion
    • Cilliary ganglion has fibres that innervate:
      • ciliary muscle (acomodation)
      • sphincter pupillae
  • PS fibres from CN VII leave the middle ear and travel to the orbit where they innervate the lacrimal duct
40
Q

sympathetic fibres to the orbit

A
  • arise from T1
  • moves through stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk
    • this is the most superior ganglion in the sympathetic trunk and in most people it is two fused together
  • these fibres supply the dilator pupillae muscle
41
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles?

A

part of the midbrain that link the remainder of the brainstem to the thalami and thereby, the cerebrum. They are the most anterior structure in the midbrain and contain the large ascending and descending tracts that run to and from the cerebrum

42
Q

Medullary pyramids

A
  • elongated swellings marking the position of underlying fibres that pass from the cerebrum to the cord
    • THIS IS THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
43
Q

medullary ventrolateral sulcus

A

very slight sulcus that is continuous with the same sulcus in the spinal cord

it’s on the lateral border of the pyramid on each side

44
Q

medullary olive

A
  • lateral to the ventrolateral sulcus
  • underneith is the inferior olivary nucleus
    • this has something to do with movement
45
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A
  • Inferior: to the medulla
  • middle: to the pons
  • superior: to the midbrain
46
Q

midbrain auditory processing

A

inferior colliculi >inferior brachium > medial geniculate nucleus

  • inferior colliculi on posterior aspect of midbrain (tectum)
  • inferior brachium is a nerve pathway
  • medial geniculate nucleus is in the thalamus
    • so not midbrain
47
Q

visual processing in the midbrain

A

superior colliculi > superior brachium > lateral geniculate nuclei

  • superior colliculi on posterior of the midbrain (tectum)
  • superior brachium is a nerve pathway
  • lateral geniculat nuclei are in the thalamus
    • so not midbrain
48
Q

what is the pinneal gland

A

this is a small gland just above the colliculi

it produces melatonin

49
Q

where do the cranial nerves come off the brainstem?

A
50
Q

what are the external folds of the cerebellum called?

A

these are folia

51
Q

how is the cerebellum divided

A
  • two hemispheres joined by a vermis
  • three lobes
    • Anterior lobe
    • Posterior lobe
    • Folliculo nodular lobe
      • very difficult to see but basically it’s behind the brainstem, inferior to the peduncles
      • it’s basically two structures called the flocculus and the nodule.
      • this lobe is concerned with vestibular info
  • Two important fissures
    • Primary fissure is the big one
    • horizontal fissure is the slightly less obvious one in the posterior lobe
52
Q

draw out the diagram of the connections of the cerebellum

A
53
Q

the rhomboid fossa

A
  • the flood of the 4th ventricle
  • little diamond shaped depression in the back of the pons and medulla
  • the gracile and cuneate tubercles (dorsal) limit it posteriorly (below it)
  • has a median sulcus
  • medullary striae splits it into a top and bottom half
  • facial colliculus is a rounded swelling in the fossa
    • this is just above the striae
54
Q

medullary striae

A
  • stripe across the rhomboid fossa
  • they’re fibres that pass from the pons to the cerebellum
  • these fibres divide the rhomboid fossa into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half
55
Q

what’s in the caudal part of the rhomboid fossa?

A
  • hypoglossal trigone
    • medially
  • Vagal trigone
    • intermediately
  • Vestibular trigone
    • laterally
  • trigone basically means a rectangular layer that overlies the nucleus
56
Q

obex

A

most inferior point of the rhomboid fossa

57
Q

area postrema

A
  • chemoreceptive trigger for the emetic response
  • there’s no bb barrier here or it’s weaker or something
  • it’s rostrolateral to the obex
58
Q

third ventricle

A
  • lies between the two halves of the thalamus
  • it’s just above the chiasma
  • has an IV foramen (of munro) that is the only communication between the lateral ventricles and the rest of the ventricular system
59
Q

paracentral lobule

A
  • medial U shaped gyrus
  • contains representations of the lower limb in the motor and somatosensory cortices
60
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

runs above the corpus callosum

cingulate sulcus seperates this from the rest of the hemisphere

61
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

forms a Y with the calcarine sulcus

the primary visual cortex is in the walls of the calcarine sulcus

62
Q

difference in cross section of primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • PMC grey matter is twice as thick as that of the PSC
    • more cells
63
Q

Parts of the corpus callossum

A
  1. Genu - anterior curved end
  2. Rostrum - leads down from genu
  3. Body - central main curve
  4. Splenium - rounded posterior

remember the corpus calossum spoons the fornix which spoons the thalamus

64
Q

the fornix

A
  • bundle of white matter below the corpus calossum body
  • it connects the hippocampus to the diencephalon
  • columns:
    • anterior AND posterior extensions of the fornix
    • anteriorly they extend vertically downwards to the mamillary bodies
  • commissure:
    • connects the two fornices/hippocampi
65
Q

anterior commissure

A
  • just infront of the anterior columns of the fornix
  • connects the temporal lobes and olfactory structures of both sides
66
Q

septum pellucidum

A
  • thin sheets of glia that seperate the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles
  • it is between the corpus calossum and the fornix
67
Q

three main types of fibres

A
  1. Association fibres
    • connecting two cortical regions of the same hemisphere
  2. Commissural fibres
    • connecting regions of different hemispheres
  3. Projection fibres
    • connecting the cortex with sub-cortical structures
68
Q

to which hemisphere of the brain is language usually confined

A

it’s confined to the dominant hemisphere which is usually the left

69
Q

what does the limbic system include?

A
  1. cingulaete gyrus
  2. hippocampal formation
  3. parahippocampal gyrus
  4. anterior perforated substance
  5. septal nuclei
  6. uncus
  7. amygdala
70
Q

what is the parahippocampal gyrus

A
  • it is in continuity with the cingulate gyrus
  • it is part of the temporal lobe
71
Q

uncus

A

a hook shaped region at the anterior portion of the temporal lobe

72
Q

cingulum

A

bundle of association fibres that run in the cingulate gyrus

73
Q

fimbria

A

connection from the hippocampus to the fornix

74
Q

ventricles

A
75
Q

label this coronal section of brain

include white matter tracts between the bits of basal ganglia

A
76
Q

name the two white matter tracts:

  1. between the internal and external globus pallidus
  2. between the external globus pallidus and the putamen
A
  1. the medial medullary lamina
  2. the lateral medullary lamina
77
Q

how many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are there?

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 fused sacral
  • coccyx is formed by 4 rudimentary vertebrae
78
Q

label this lumbar vertebrae

A
79
Q

label this lumbar vertebrae (2)

A
80
Q

differences between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A
81
Q

intervertebral disks

A
  • nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosus
  • nucleus pulposus = gel
    • proteoglycan
    • collagen gel
  • Annulus fibrosus
    • concentric layers of collagen
  • herneation = annulus fibrosus no longer contains nucleus pulposus
  • herneation of the disc can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause compression of the nerve root
82
Q

label this diagram

A
83
Q

conus medullaris

A

this is where the spinal cord ends and becomes the cauda aquina

it is usually around the level of L1/L2

84
Q

spinal cord segments and how many there are in each section (cervical, thoracic etc)

A
  • a spinal cord segment is an area of spinal cord from which a pair of spinal nerves is given off
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
85
Q

describe how spinal nerves leave the spinal cord

A
  • ventral and dorsal roots join in the intervertebral foramen to form the spinal nerve
  • immediately when the spinal nerve emerges from the foramen it splits into the anterior and posterior rami
  • anterior and posterior rami each contain both motor and sensory fibres
  • length of nerve roots increases as you descend the spinal cord
86
Q

filum terminale

A

delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It is one of the modifications of pia mater

EM: (14 decks)

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