Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EM: > CVS and Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

CVS and Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast?

A
  1. breast medial to the nipple drains through intercostal spaces to lymph nodes within the thorax (internal mammary lymph nodes)
  2. lateral breast drains to lymph nodes in the axilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What forms the anterior axillary fold?

A

The pectoralis major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what nervs innervate the pectoral muscles

A

Pectoralis Major:

  • Lateral and medial pectoral nerve

Pectoralis Minor

  • Medial pectoral nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What innervates serratus anterior and why is this clinically relevalnt

A
  • Long thoracic nerve
  • Part of the function of SA is to hold the scapula against the ribcage
  • if this muscle is paralysed you get ‘wing’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the cephalic vein and why is it clinically relevant

A

it’s where pacemakers are inserted through a catheter that is threaded through to the tip of the right atrium and SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the articulations of the clavicle

A

Medially with the menubrium of the sternum: sternoclavicular joint

Laterally with the acromion of the scapula: acromioclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which ribs attach to serratus anterior

A

upper 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what innervates all 3 layers of the intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves (T1-T11)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

External intercostals - which direction do they run, and what is their action

A
  • 11 pairs
  • run inferiorly and mediall y
  • they elevate the ribs increasing thoracic volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Internal and Innermost intercostals

A
  • run inferiorly and laterally
  • they reduce thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the main role of the intercostal muscles

and what is the clinical relevance

A

contrct just enought so that they don’t get sucked in/blown out with negative and positive pressures of breathing

in some patients, the pressure needed to breathe overcome the intercostal muscles and you can obserce ‘intercostal recession’ which is an important sign of advanced resp distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can the LIMA sometimes be used for

A

coronary bypass because it runs so close to the LAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Label structures in this Left Lung hilum

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Label this Right Lung hilum

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Label this lovely bit of heart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Label THIS lovely bit of heart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label this third lovely bit of heart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LTLBOH

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does the phrenic nerve run anterior or posterior to the hilum of the lung?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does the left vagus branch to form the left recurrant laryngeal?

A

Under the arch of the aorta. The left recurrant laryngeal passes under the ligamentum arteriosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

painful stimulation of the diaphragm will be felt in the dermatomes supplied by the phrenic nerve nerve roots (C3, 4, and 5) this is typically in the side of neck and shoulder tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Surfaces of the heart:

A
  • Diaphragmatic: inferior
  • Sterno-costal: anterior
  • Base: posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the AVN recieve its blood supply from?

A

The posterior interventricular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What percentage of people have their posterior interventricular artery supplied by the left coronary, right coronary and how many by both?

A
  • 90% supplied by the right coronary
  • 30% supplied by the circumflex of the left coronary
  • 20% supplied by arteries from each

i.e. 70% of people are right dominant, 10% of people are left dominant, 20% of people are codominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the crista terminalis

A
  • This is a ridge of modified muscle that seperates the trabeculatedaurocle from the smooth walled atirum
  • The SA node is found in the upper half of the crista terminalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most posterior part of the heart

A

The left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In what percentage of people is there a patency in the fossa ovalis

A

23% of adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How might a heart valve fail?

A
  • During systole the pressure in the heart is higher inside than outside
  • any reduction in blood flow will affect the inside more than the outside
  • the papillary muscles may die as a result and a dead one will rupture
  • this will lead to sudden failure of the valve as it is not held in position during systole and there is regurgitation
29
Q

How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?

A

3

30
Q

Which is the only valve in the heart that doesn’t have 3 cusps? How many does it have

A

The mitral - it has 2

31
Q

how many leaflets does the pulmonary valve have

A

3

32
Q

What artery supplies the SA node?

A

The sinoatrial nodular artery

  • in 60% of hearts this is a branch of the RCA
  • in ~40% of hearts it is a branch of the left circumflex

which artery supplies the SA node is not related to dominance

33
Q

stellate ganglion

A

A fusion of the first thoracic and inferior cervical ganglia

It lies anterior to the neck of the first rib and the C7 transverse process

It lies posterior to the common carotid, internal jugular and phrenic nerve

34
Q

Label this heckin diagram

A
35
Q

to what do the different colours correspond

A

The border between the superior and inferior mediastinum is an imaginary line backwards from the sternal angle.

NB the inferior mediastinum is subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior

36
Q

at the level of which vertebral body does the descending thoracic aorta start

A

lower edge of T4

37
Q

Azygous system of veins

A
  • drains blood from the body walls and mediastinal viscera
  • empties into SVC
  • Formed from:
    • Azygous vein
    • Hemiazygous vein
    • Accessory hemiazygous vein
38
Q

Where do the right and left vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm relative to the oesophagus

A

Pass through with the oesophagus at the level of T10

Left in front of the oesophagus and the right behind

39
Q

briefly describe the journey of the thoracic duct:

A

from cystern of chyli

it goes up on the posterior right side of the oesophagus

it drains all the lymph from the lower half of the body into the blood stream at the confluence of the left subclavian vein and the internal jugular at the left side of the neck

so it crosses the body - right to left

40
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve arise from and what does it supply

A

Ganglia on the sympathetic chain from T5-9

it supplies the foregut

41
Q

where does the lesser splanchnic nerve arise from and what does it supply?

A

Ganglia on the sympathetic chain from T10-11 and it supplies the midgut

42
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve arise from and what does it supply?

A

Ganglia on the sympathetic chain from T12 and it supplies the hindgut

43
Q

where does the sympathetic nerve upply to the head and neck come from? Why is this clinically relevant?

A

through the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic chain (the stellate ganglion)

Damage to this ganglion will cause loss of sympathetic innervation to the face and eye

No facial sweating, drooping eye lid, constricted pupil and eye slightly draw in.

HORNERS

44
Q

which nerve enters the deep surface of the sternocleidomastoid

A

CN XI Spinal accessory nerve

45
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Group of 4 muscles located inferior to the hyoid and between the two SCMs

Attachements are obvious from the names

  • Superficial
    • Sternohyoid
    • Omohyoid: arises from scapula (omo)
  • Deep
    • sternothyroid
    • thyrohyoid
46
Q

Label this bad boy

A
47
Q

arterial supply to the thyroid gland

A

two sets of paired arteries

  • Superior thyroid artery
    • first branch to come off the external carotid
    • supplies superior and anterior portions
  • Inferior thyroid artery
    • arises from thryocervical trunk of subclavian
    • supplies posterior inferior aspects
48
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A
  • Superior, middle veins drain into the internal jugular
  • The inferior drains into the brachiocephalic
49
Q

what does the carotid sheath contain?

A

carotid artery

jugular vein

vagus nerve

50
Q

whats going on here?

A

These are scans of the thyroid

the left one is normal and the right one has a thyroxine producing tumour

due to negative feedback, overproduced thyroxine leads to very low TRH and TSH and therefore the healthy throid is not stimulated and doesn’t produce much thyroxine

51
Q

how can you tell the difference between a lump in the thyroid and a lump in a lymph node?

A

thyroid one will elevate with swallowing

52
Q

How many ganglia does the cervical portion of sympathetic chain have

A

3

Superior, middle and inferior

in some cases the inferior is fused with the first thoracic and forms the stellate ganglion

53
Q

at the level of which vertebral body does the common carotid bifurcate?

A

At around the level of the 4th cervical vertebra

54
Q
A
55
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A
  • general sensation anf taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • general sensation to the oropharynx
  • tympanic branch supplies middle ear and the eustachian tube
  • also supplies motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
56
Q

stylopharyngeus

A
  • supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve
  • takes origin from the styloid process of the skull
57
Q

through which nerve does the carotid sinus signal to the brain?

A

the glossopharyngeal

58
Q

what does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Internal branch:
    • sensation to the larynx above the vocal cords
    • is the afferent nerve of the cough reflex
  • External branch:
    • motor to cricothyroid muscle
      • this is the only muscle of the larynx not innervated by the RLN
59
Q

what does the recurrant laryngeal nerve innervate

A
  • Motor to all muscles except the cricothyroid
  • Sensation to the larynx below the glottis
60
Q

what is this nerve, what are its branches called, what do they innervate and what structure is this all happening in?

A

Facial nerve - Two Zulus Buggered My Cat

the facial nerve enters the deep posterior aspect of the parotid gland before it splits - cancer of the parotid can cause facial paralysis

61
Q

where does the duct from the parotid gland drain into the mouth?

A

a papilla adjascent to the second molar

62
Q

why might patients who’ve had a brain ste, stroke have trouble swallowing?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal provides sensation to back of pharynx
  • Vagus provides motor and sensory innervation to the larynx
  • Damage to either of these may result in loss of control of swallowing
  • The larynx may remain open during swallowing
  • Fluid can pass into the lungs
63
Q

where is the SA node located

A

on the medial side of the junction between the SVC and the right atrium

64
Q

describe the histological structure of the heart vlaves

A
  • thick collagen fibres with occasional strands of elastic tissue
  • both surfaces are covered by endothelial cells
65
Q

describe the divisions of cellular component of blood

A
  • cells = 45% of blood
  • 44% is erythrocytes
  • White cells and platelets constitute 1%
    • Of that 40-75% are neutrophils
    • Lymphocytes 20-50%
    • Eosinophils ~5%
    • Monocytes 1-5%
    • Basophils ~1%
66
Q

what can an eosionphil also be called?

A

an acidophilic lymphocyte

NB in histology they can be identified by their dark pink granules

67
Q

what can a basophil also be called

A

a basophilik leukocyte

68
Q

from which cells are platelets derived?

A

megakaryocytes

EM: (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions