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Comps > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal innervation

A

X and XI

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2
Q

Styloglossus

A

Draws tongue up and back, may draw sides of tongue upward to help make dorsum concave

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3
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory, transmits information toward the brain

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4
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia site of lesion

A

Left frontal lobe involving prefrontal and premotor cortices, watershed area between MCA and ACA, lesion superior often anterior to Broca’s area, extend into white matter including white tater below Broca’s, communication between Broca’s area and the pre-motor or supplementary motor area is cut off, lesion near the Broca’s area may also cause damage to connections between Broca’s and the basal ganglia

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5
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor, transmit information away from the brain

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6
Q

MCA

A

Supplies lateral surface of cortex including major regions of frontal lobe

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7
Q

ACA

A

Supplies middle portion of parietal/frontal, supplies blood to the corpus callosum and basal ganglia

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8
Q

External CA

A

Supplies blood to mouth, forehead, nose, face

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9
Q

Internal CA

A

MCA and ACA, Supplies to the brain

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10
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Decusate at medulla, innervates muscle of limb/truck, opposite

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movement

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12
Q

Corpus striatum

A

3 nuclear masses: Globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen

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13
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles (elevators)

A

Digastrics (V, VII) , geniohyoids (XII), mylohyoids (V), stylohyoids (VII)

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14
Q

Infrahyoids

A

Depress larynx (thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, stemothyroid)

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15
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve, larynx, respiratory, GI, cardiac

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16
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve, face (sensory) jaw (motor)

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17
Q

Superior longitudinal muscle

A

Shortens tongue, turns tip upward

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18
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal accessory, shoulder, arm/throat

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19
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Adduct VF, increase medial compression

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20
Q

CN XII

A

Tongue movements

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21
Q

Angular gyrus

A

Parietal lobe

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22
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect cerebral hemisphere, corpus collosum connects two hemispheres at the base

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23
Q

Transverse arytenoid

A

Adduct VF

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24
Q

Oblique arytenoid

A

Pull apex of arytenoid in a medial direction

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25
Q

Aryepiglottic folds

A

Composed of a ring of connective tissues and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

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26
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Mostly innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of CN X except cricothyroid innervated by superior laryngeal nerve. Muscles: thyroarytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids, cricothyroids, posterior cricoarytenoids

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27
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect within hemisphere, arcuate fasciculus connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s.

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28
Q

Diencephalon

A

Structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus

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29
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Bleeding in the brain due to ruptured blood vessels; bleeding may be intracerebral (within brain) or extracerebral ( within meninges)

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30
Q

Projection fibers

A

Cortex, cerebellum, BG, spinal cord, brainstem

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31
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Lengthen and tense VF, controls pitch

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32
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Small, Pyramidal shaped cartilage is connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint

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33
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles (depressors)

A

omohyoids, sternothyroids, sternohyoids

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34
Q

Chondroglossus

A

Depresses tongue

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35
Q

Bernoulli effect

A

Increased speed of air passing between the VF, “sucking” motion of the VF toward one another

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36
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere Brodmann’s 22, posterior region of middle and inferior temporal gyri, damage often extends into parietal lobe affecting the angular gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus

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37
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Innervated by XII. Muscles: superior longitudinal muscle, inferior longitudinal muscle, transverse muscles, vertical muscles

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38
Q

Genioglossus

A

Forms bulk of tongue, is able to retract tongue, draws tongue downward, draw entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press against alveolar ridges and teeth

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39
Q

Inferior longitudinal muscle

A

Shortens tongue, pulls tip down

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40
Q

Transverse muscles

A

Narrow and lengthens tongue, moves tongue left-right

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41
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A

Internal thyroarytenoid are primary portion of VF that vibrate and produce sound

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42
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 44 and 45), extends into white matter, BG and Insula, frontal operculum, pre-motor areas anterior motor strip, motor areas above and behind Broca’s area

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43
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia core features

A

Little or no paraphasias, difficulty initiating and organizing responses, fair to excellent auditory comprehension, confrontational naming is preserved, spared repetition, upper extremity rigidity

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44
Q

Hyoglossus

A

Retracts and depresses tongue

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45
Q

Non fluent aphasia

A

Limited, agrammatic effortful, halting, slow speech with impaired prosody

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46
Q

Global aphasia site of lesion

A

Occlusion of MCA prior to its branching causes extensive damage to frontal, temporal, and parietal region’s involving both Broca’s and Wernicke’s, the larger the lesion the more severe the aphasia, due to large area of injury in the Perisylvian area

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47
Q

Aphasia

A

Acquired communication disorder caused by brain injury affecting four modalities: reading, writing, speaking, listeningNeurogenic, acquired, affects language, excludes sensory and mental deficits

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48
Q

Ischemic

A

Occlusion of an artery-atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries)

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49
Q

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

A

VF vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VF

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50
Q

Lamina propria

A

Middle layer of the VF, Three layers: superficial (Reinke’s space), intermediate, and deep

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51
Q

CN VII

A

Tongue (sensory) face (motor)

52
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

Abduct VF

53
Q

Vertical muscles

A

Flattens tongue, moves it up and down

54
Q

Global aphasia core features

A

Significant loss of language comprehension and expression, impaired reading and writing abilities, auditory comprehension severely impaired, repetition and confrontation naming impaired

55
Q

Global aphasia treatment

A

Recovery generally poor, visual action therapy: client is trained to associate drawings with objects and actions, for severe globally aphasic people, goal is to use functional gestures for visually absent stimuli, no verbalization is permitted during training

56
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia treatment

A

Reading (can be used to prime language system), pragmatic activities (use pictures to elicit single words), drilling (to increase repetition ability)

57
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia core features

A

Paraphasias (word substitutions), neologisms (new words), impaired reading and writing, poor auditory comprehension (primary deficit), impaired repetition and confrontation naming (word finding problems are very common), anosognosia (lack of awareness of their communication problems)

58
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia treatment

A

Initial focus auditory comprehension and self-monitoring skills, listening to simple instructions and pointing, slow rate of speech, gestural stop cues, remind patient to listen to him or herself, PACE promoting aphasias communicative effectiveness: Focus is to use new information, describing unknown pictures

59
Q

Broca’s aphasia core features

A

Agrammatism, telegraphic speech, good aud comp, aware of deficits, repetition impaired, confrontation and response naming and word finding impaired

60
Q

Broca’s aphasia treatment

A

MIT, Helm elicited language program of syntax stimulation (targets agrammatism), response elaboration training (elaborate on picture stimuli discourage from naming), Schuells stimulation approach (Intensive auditory stimulation)

61
Q

Anomic aphasia site of lesion

A

Hardest to localize, angular gyrus (parietal lobe), which causes alexia and agraphia, temporal parietal area

62
Q

Anomic aphasia core features

A

Word retrieval deficits, naming problems, circumlocutions, reading and writing are variable with abilities ranging from normal to very poor, good auditory comprehension, have awareness of deficits, repetition is not impaired

63
Q

Anomic aphasia treatment

A

Promoting aphasics communicative effectiveness (PACE), social approach: conversational approach (practice communicative scenarios with SLP)

64
Q

Conduction aphasia site of lesion

A

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, Broca’s and Wernicke’s are intact but disconnected because of injury to connecting fibers, insula and underlying white matter of left hemisphere, small lesion in Wernicke’s area, lesions also found in perisylvian area of cortex, superior temporal gyrus, primary auditory cortex, auditory association areas

65
Q

Conduction aphasia core features

A

Difficulties with word retrieval, good auditory comprehension because Wernicke’s area is not damaged, awareness of deficits, good reading comprehension, impaired repetition, ideomotor apraxia (impaired in performing movements to command and to imitation)

66
Q

Conduction aphasia treatment

A

Repetition is target of therapy, word retrieval, productive circumlocution, divergent word retrieval (naming task are convergent)

67
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia site of lesion

A

Lesion in the temporo-parietal region, especially in the posterior potion of the middle temporal gyrus, which is supplied by the posterior branches of the left middle cerebral artery, seen in frontal lobe injuries, supplied by portions of the PCA and in MCA or the watershed areas between them

68
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia core features

A

Fluent, impaired comprehension, relatively spared repetition (Hallmark, differentiating factor between Wernicke’s and Conduction aphasia), alexia, anosognosia

69
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia treatment

A

Treatment approaches could be based on the functional nature of the deficit, no efficacy studies today, refer to intervention methods in theory for fluent aphasia

70
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Contains the person’s language center, depending on where the damage occurs speech and language deficits will vary

71
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Controls cognitive functioning (thinking skills), damage to the right hemisphere of the brain leaves to cognitive communication problems displayed by impairments in the area of: memory, attention, reasoning, organization, orientation, problem-solving, pragmatics and left side neglect

72
Q

Open head injury

A

Penetrating, results when scalp and skull are penetrated, torn or lacerated meninges, and injury extends into brain tissue

73
Q

Obicularis oris

A

Primary muscle of the lips, unpaired sphincter muscle, oval ring of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

74
Q

Serratus, lavatory costarum brevis/longis

A

Elevates rib cage

75
Q

Close head injury

A

Coup/contrecoup injury, acceleration/deceleration injuries due to forces that tear, stretch, or shear microscopic structures, non-acceleration injuries occur when a head is hit by a moving object

76
Q

Edema

A

Brain swelling

77
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation

78
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers the inside of the thoracic cavity

79
Q

Ischemic brain damage

A

Damage due to lack of blood

80
Q

Infarction

A

Stroke like effects that result in death of cell tissue

81
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Bleed in the brain (blood clot)

82
Q

Thrombosis

A

Occlusion of a blood vessel

83
Q

Embolism

A

Traveling mass from blocked artery or tumor, gets lodged in smaller artery and blocks blood flow

84
Q

TBI etiology

A

Any damage to the right hemisphere, could be caused by: stroke, tumor, head injury, disease processes

85
Q

Spinal column

A

Consists of 32 or 33 vertebrae, 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae

86
Q

Sternum

A

Manubrium-head, provides attachment for clavicle and first rib, corpus of sternum-body, ribs 2 to 7 attach, xiphoid process-the very bottom part

87
Q

Rib cage

A

Consist of 12 pairs of ribs, ribs 1-7: true ribs, because they are attached anteriorly to sternum, ribs 8, 9, 10: false ribs, ribs 11 & 12: floating ribs

88
Q

Visceral pleura

A

The serous (wet) membrane that covers the surface of each lung

89
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Tensor

90
Q

Zygomatic

A

Muscle located from the cheekbone to the mouth, helps draw the corners of mouth up

91
Q

Lungs

A

When respiratory system is at rest, lungs are partially inflated to approximately 40% of their total lung capacity, right lung is shorter, broader, and bigger than the left lung because of the liver, right lung has three lobes & left lung has two lobes

92
Q

Internal intercostals

A

11 unpaired, Pulls the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

93
Q

External intercostals

A

11 paired, raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

94
Q

Crossbite

A

Extension of upper teeth beyond the normal line of occlusion

95
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Stabilizes the posterior abdominal wall for expiration

96
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Flexes vertebral column

97
Q

Transversus abdominus

A

Compresses abdomen

98
Q

Internal oblique abdominus

A

Compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates trunk

99
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls

100
Q

Interarytenoid

A

Adductor

101
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Form the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx

102
Q

Larynx

A

Muscularcartilaginous, unpaired, midline structure in the anterior neck, about level C3 to C6

103
Q

Hard palate

A

Roof of the mouth covered with a mucous membrane consisting of rugae

104
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Uppermost tracheal rings, linked with the thyroid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilages

105
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A

Thyromuscularis: more lateral band relaxorThyrovocalis: more medial, forms the main mass of the vibrating vocal fold tensor

106
Q

Cuneiform cartilage

A

Located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds. They served to stiffen the aryepiglottic folds

107
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Adductor

108
Q

Conus elasticus

A

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane sheet made of fiber that has elasticity, goes from thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage

109
Q

Hyothyroid membrane

A

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane goes from thyroid to the hyoid bone

110
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Lower the soft palate or raise the back of the tongue

111
Q

Vocal folds

A

Three layers: epithelium (outer cover), and lamina propria (middle layer), vocalis muscle

112
Q

Oral cavity

A

Responsible for production of all English sounds, except the nasal phonemes

113
Q

Formant frequencies

A

Resonances in the vocal tract, vary by person, sex, and age

114
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Adds resonance to /m/ /n/ /ng/

115
Q

Buccinator

A

Paired cheek muscle

116
Q

Laryngopharynx and oropharynx

A

Responsible for adding resonance to sounds produced by the larynx

117
Q

Glossia

A

No tongue

118
Q

Macroglossia

A

Too large of a tongue

119
Q

Glossia

A

No tongue

120
Q

Zygomatic

A

Muscle located from the cheekbone to the mouth, helps draw the corners of mouth up

121
Q

Soft palate

A

Or velum made of muscular tissue attached to the Palitine bones, relaxes and hangs in the oropharynx

122
Q

Frontalis

A

Muscle is unpaired and moves the eyebrows

123
Q

Microglossia

A

Too small of a tongue

124
Q

Subglottal pressure

A

Builds and when it is sufficient to overcome medial compression, the folds will again blow apart and then begin to approximate because of tissue elasticity, then the Bernoulli effect takes over again

125
Q

Corniculate cartilage

A

Sit on the apex of the arytenoids

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