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M1 Gross Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central sulcus and precentral/postcentral gyri

A

Divides anterior and posterior lobes

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2
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Divides superior/inferior lobes

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3
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor control
Expressive speech
Eye movement
Cognition/decision making

Rostral to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

Pre-central gyrus - motor gyrus (motor humunculus)

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4
Q

Broca’s area

A

Damage - words do not sound correct

Part of the left lateral aspect of the frontal lobe

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5
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Separated by the frontal lobe by the central sulcus, and from the occipital lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus

Receives sensory input from the body.
Touch receptors - spinal
cord - thalamus - parietal cortex,

Sensory homunculus organization the same as motor of the frontal lobe

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6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Contains the auditory cortex - bilaterally (both sides have to be lost to lose hearing)

Contains Wernicke’s area - essential in language understanding

Deep on medial surface of hippcampus

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7
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
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8
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Genital defects - as specific as face blindness

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9
Q

Motor humunculus

A
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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Embryological term - describes an area of the brain

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Participates in balance, muscle tone, and proprioception

Separated at the midline by the cerbveller vermis

Blood supply - Branches of the basilar and vertebral arteries

lesions of the medial part of cerebellum (i.e., vermis, flocculonodular lobe, and corresponding deep nuclei) affect medial structures (i.e., axial and proximal limb musculature), resulting in symptoms including truncal ataxia and nystagmus. Lesions of the lateral parts of cerebellum (i.e., the hemispheres) affect lateral structures (distal limb musculature), resulting in symptoms such as ipsilateral limb ataxia.

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12
Q

Midbrain

A

CN III/IV

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Superior/inferior colliculi

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13
Q

Medulla

A

Nuclei for CN VII/VIII/IX/X/XII

Nuclei for VII/VIII at the pontomedulllary junction

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14
Q

Pons

A
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15
Q

Thalamus

A

Responsible for sensory process - sends input to other brain regions for further process

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16
Q

Pituatary Gland

A

Protection - bony seat - cella turcica

Connected to hypothalamus through infidibulum

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17
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest collection of white matter tracts in the brain

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18
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Posterior to spinal cord

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19
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles and the third ventricles

A

Foramen of Monro

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20
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aquaduct

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21
Q

Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

A

Allows CSF to move into subarachnoid space

Opens at the caudal aspect of four ventricle below the cerebellar junction

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22
Q

What contains the choroid plexuses and appendemal cells

A
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23
Q

Anterior blood supply of the brain

A

Interal carotid petrous part of the temporal bone, travel anteriorly in the bone to exit above the foramen lacerum.

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24
Q

Opthalmic artery

A

Branch of internal carotid - anastomose with branches from maxillary , facial, and superficial temporal arteries that work to spare eye if blood supply is compromised

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25
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries

A

Connected by the anterior communicating artery

Branch of internal carotid arteries

Supply the medial surface of the frontal/parietal lobes

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26
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Off of the subclavian a.

Ascend halfway up medulla to merge to form the basilar artery

Anastomosis with internal carotid via circle of willis

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26
Q

Middle cerebral arteries

A

Supply lateral aspects of the frontal/temporal/parietal lobes

Compromised flow can damage Broca’s area

Anastomosis with middle meningeal artery (lateral aspect of temporal lobe)

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27
Q

PICA

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Gives rise to posterior spinal arteries

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28
Q

AICA

A

Anterior inferior celebellar artery

Banches from basilar artery

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29
Q

Pontine branches

A

Branches off of basilar artery as it ascends the pons

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30
Q

Superior cerebellar artery

A

Supplies anterior lobe of cerebellum

Passes inferior to CN III (oculomotor nerve) before bifurcating

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31
Q

Branches of basilar artery (main bifurcation)

A

Posterior cerebral arteries (supply the posterior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe)

Superior cerebellar arteries

PICA and AICA

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32
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Basilar a. at bottom of image (gives rise to the left posterio cerbral - goes counter clockwise in order)

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33
Q

What are the green vessels?

A

Branches of the anterior cerebral arteries

Supply the medial gyri

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34
Q

What are the blue vessels?

A

Branches of the middle cerebral arteries

Supply the lateral gyri

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35
Q

What are the orange vessels?

A

Branches of the posterior cerebral arteries

Supply the inferior aspect of the temporal lobes and the medial/lateral aspects of the occipital lobe

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36
Q

What space do vessels run on top of the brain?

A

The subarachnoid space

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37
Q

Layers of dura mater

A

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer

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38
Q

Dural venous sinus

A

Forms between dural layers

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39
Q
A

Subdural hematoma

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40
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

Confluence of straight, occipital, and superior saggital sinuses

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41
Q

R/L Cavernous sinus

A

CN VI and internal carotid pass through middle

CN III, IV, V-1, and V-2 pass along the outer edge of the sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus drains to internal jugular v.

Or

Cavernous sinus -> superior petrosal sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular v.

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42
Q

Dural reflections

A
43
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum and brainstem

Connects the sphenoid bone to the occipital bone

Contains the transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinuses

44
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Between the right/left hemispheres

Connects the crystalgali of the ephmoid bone to the posterior tentorium cerebelli

Contains inferior and superior saggital sinuses

45
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Small projection of dura between R/L cerebellar hemispheres

Contains the occipital sinus

Connects to the tentorium cerebelli

46
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Small projection of dura that forms at the roof of the cella tursica, only allows for infindibulum and associated vessels of the pituitary to pass through

47
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

(CN I ) Arises from olfactory cortex

Sensory fibers

48
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

(CN III) Arises from the midbrain

Motor fibers to the extrinsic muscles of the eye

49
Q

Optic nerve

A

(CN II) Arises from the thalamus - part of the midbrain

Sensory fibers

50
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

(CN IV) Arises from the midbrain

Motor fiber to the superior oblique muscle (muscle uses trochlea as a pulley) in the eye

51
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

(CN V) Arises from the pons

Sensory and motor (mastication muscles) fibers

52
Q

Abducens nerve

A

(CN VI) Pontomedullary junction

Motor to the lateral rectus of the eye

Abducts the eye

53
Q

Facial nerve

A

(CN VII) Pontomedullary junction

Motor to muscles of facial expression and glands

Sensory traveling from the tongue and palate

54
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

(CN VIII) Pontomedullary junction

Sensory fibers only (auditory and balance)

55
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

(CN IX) Arises from the medulla

Motor and sensory fibers

56
Q

Vagus nerve

A

(CN X) Arises from the medulla

Motor and sensory fibers

57
Q

Spinal accessory nerve

A

(CN XI) Arises from the spinal cord

Motor fibers only

SCM and trapezius mm.

58
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

(CN XII) Arises from the medulla (anterior to the olive)

Motor fibers only (muscles on the tongue)

59
Q

General targets of facial nerves

A
60
Q

What passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen>

A

Anterior ethmoidal nerve (CN V-1)

Anterior ethmoidal artery

Anterior ethmoidal vein

61
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Trochlear nerve ( CN IV)

Lacrimal nerve (from CN V-1)
Frontal nerve (from CN V-1)
Nasocillary nerve (from CN V-1)

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Superior opthalmic vein

62
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve (CN V-3)

Accessory meningeal artery

Venous plexus of foramen ovale

63
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (from CN V-3)

Middle meningeal artery

Middle meningeal vein

64
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Acessory spinal nerve (CN XI)

Posterior meningeal artery

Inferior petrosal sinus
Internal jugular vein (continuation of sigmoid sinus)

65
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

66
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve (CN II)

Opthalmic artery

67
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V-2)

68
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

Carotid sympathetic plexus

Internal carotid artery

Carotid venous plexus

69
Q

What passes through the internal auditory meautus?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Labryinthine artery

Labryinthine vein

70
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Vertebral arteries
Anterior spinal artery
Posterior spinal arteries

Spinal medulla (medulla oblongata)
Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI)

Posterior spinal vein

71
Q

How does CN I exit the skull

A

The olfactory nerve exits through the ethmoid foramina

72
Q

How does CN V-3 exit the skull?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits through the foramen ovale

73
Q

How does CN II exit the skull?

A

The optic nerve exits through the optic canal

74
Q

What CN’s exit through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V-1, and VI

75
Q

How does the CN V-2 exit the skull?

A

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve exits through the foramen rotundrum

76
Q

What CN’s exit through the internal auditory meatus?

A

The facial nerve (CN VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

CN VIII does not exit the skull

77
Q

What CN’s pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

78
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

The hypoglossal nerve exits via the hypoglossal canal

79
Q

Mnemonic for fibers of CN’s

A

S - sensory fibers only
M - motor fibers only
B - both sensory and motor

Some say marry money but my big brother says big brains matter more

80
Q

Which CN’s carry visceral motor fibers?

A

The parasympathetics (CN III, VII, IX, and X)

All but glossopharyngeal also have visceral affarent fibers

81
Q

Special senses

A

CN I, II, VII, VIII, and IX

82
Q

Pt presents with anosma (loss of smell)

A

CN I

83
Q

Pt presents with imparied vision

A

CN II

84
Q

Pt presents with diplopia, ptosis, and/or light sensitivity

A

CN III

85
Q

Pt presents with diplopia

A

CN IV

86
Q

Pt presents with loss of sesnation of the face, paralysis of muscles of mastication

A

CN V

87
Q

Pt presents with diplopia and medial deviation of the eye

A

CN VI

88
Q

Pt presents with dry mouth, loss of facial muscles, loss of corneal reflex, and loss of tast anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

CN VII

89
Q

Pt presents with unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, and motion sickness

A

CN VIII

90
Q

Pt presents with throat/ear pain, dysphagia and sensory and loss of tast posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN IX

91
Q

Pt presents with nasal speech, vocal cord paralysis, and gastroparesis

A

CN X

92
Q

Pt presents with an inability to move tongue - tongue deviates to one side

A

CN XII - tongue typically deviates ipsilaterally to the side of the lesion

93
Q

Branches of CN VII

A
94
Q

I

What artery supplies the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

The superior thyroid artery courses with the superior laryngial nerve on its way to supply the cricothyroid muscle

95
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A
96
Q

Pt presents with primary osseous tumor of the spinal column at the level of C1 impinging on the ventral root of C1, deinnervating all of its targets. The Pt would be experiencing paralysis of which of the following muscles?

Anterior scalene
Genioglossus
Mylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Thyrohyoid

A

The thyrohyoid is supplied by C1 fibers alone, carried by CN XII

97
Q

What innervates the anterior scalene muscle?

A

Fibers from C5 & 6

98
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid

A branch of the

A

A branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V-3)

Nerve is named the mylohyoid nerve

99
Q

What innervates the genioglossus?

A

CN XII

100
Q

What innervates the omohyoid muscle?

A

The ansa cervicalis of C1-3

101
Q

At 44 y/o Pt was admitted to the emergency department with a stab wound to the neck and was found in respiratory crisis. Damage to the nerve coursing vertically on the anterior (ventral) surface of the anterior scalene muscle will result in paralysis of what muscle below the head?

A

The diaphragm

102
Q

A 74 y/o man undergoes parotid surgery for the resection of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. During the procedure the surgeon transects the facial nerve (CN VII) at the stylomastoid foramen. Which of the following muscles are paralyzed?

A

The buccal muscle

103
Q

A 23 y/o man has a scalp laceration. You become concerned about infection if the laceration has penetrated what layer of the scalp?

A

The loose connective tissue layer, which lies deep to the gala aponeurotica. There are emissary veins in the loose connective tissue layer which connect to the dural venous sinuses inside the skull.

104
Q

Pain through the mucosa of the cheek is transmitted by?

A

The buccal nerve of CN V-3

105
Q

What nerve provides sensory information from the chin?

A

The inferior alveolar nerve transverse through the mental foramen

106
Q
A

M1 Gross Anatomy (16 decks)

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