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M1 Gross Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central sulcus and precentral/postcentral gyri

A

Divides anterior and posterior lobes

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2
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Divides superior/inferior lobes

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3
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor control
Expressive speech
Eye movement
Cognition/decision making

Rostral to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

Pre-central gyrus - motor gyrus (motor humunculus)

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4
Q

Broca’s area

A

Damage - words do not sound correct

Part of the left lateral aspect of the frontal lobe

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5
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Separated by the frontal lobe by the central sulcus, and from the occipital lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus

Receives sensory input from the body.
Touch receptors - spinal
cord - thalamus - parietal cortex,

Sensory homunculus organization the same as motor of the frontal lobe

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6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Contains the auditory cortex - bilaterally (both sides have to be lost to lose hearing)

Contains Wernicke’s area - essential in language understanding

Deep on medial surface of hippcampus

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7
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
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8
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Genital defects - as specific as face blindness

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9
Q

Motor humunculus

A
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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Embryological term - describes an area of the brain

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Participates in balance, muscle tone, and proprioception

Separated at the midline by the cerbveller vermis

Blood supply - Branches of the basilar and vertebral arteries

lesions of the medial part of cerebellum (i.e., vermis, flocculonodular lobe, and corresponding deep nuclei) affect medial structures (i.e., axial and proximal limb musculature), resulting in symptoms including truncal ataxia and nystagmus. Lesions of the lateral parts of cerebellum (i.e., the hemispheres) affect lateral structures (distal limb musculature), resulting in symptoms such as ipsilateral limb ataxia.

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12
Q

Midbrain

A

CN III/IV

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Superior/inferior colliculi

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13
Q

Medulla

A

Nuclei for CN VII/VIII/IX/X/XII

Nuclei for VII/VIII at the pontomedulllary junction

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14
Q

Pons

A
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15
Q

Thalamus

A

Responsible for sensory process - sends input to other brain regions for further process

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16
Q

Pituatary Gland

A

Protection - bony seat - cella turcica

Connected to hypothalamus through infidibulum

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17
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest collection of white matter tracts in the brain

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18
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Posterior to spinal cord

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19
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles and the third ventricles

A

Foramen of Monro

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20
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Cerebral aquaduct

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21
Q

Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

A

Allows CSF to move into subarachnoid space

Opens at the caudal aspect of four ventricle below the cerebellar junction

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22
Q

What contains the choroid plexuses and appendemal cells

A
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23
Q

Anterior blood supply of the brain

A

Interal carotid petrous part of the temporal bone, travel anteriorly in the bone to exit above the foramen lacerum.

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24
Q

Opthalmic artery

A

Branch of internal carotid - anastomose with branches from maxillary , facial, and superficial temporal arteries that work to spare eye if blood supply is compromised

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25
Anterior cerebral arteries
Connected by the anterior communicating artery Branch of internal carotid arteries Supply the medial surface of the frontal/parietal lobes
26
Vertebral arteries
Off of the subclavian a. Ascend halfway up medulla to merge to form the basilar artery ## Footnote Anastomosis with internal carotid via circle of willis
26
Middle cerebral arteries
Supply lateral aspects of the frontal/temporal/parietal lobes Compromised flow can damage Broca's area ## Footnote Anastomosis with middle meningeal artery (lateral aspect of temporal lobe)
27
PICA
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries Gives rise to posterior spinal arteries
28
AICA
Anterior inferior celebellar artery Banches from basilar artery
29
Pontine branches
Branches off of basilar artery as it ascends the pons
30
Superior cerebellar artery
Supplies anterior lobe of cerebellum Passes inferior to CN III (oculomotor nerve) before bifurcating
31
Branches of basilar artery (main bifurcation)
Posterior cerebral arteries (supply the posterior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe) Superior cerebellar arteries PICA and AICA
32
Circle of Willis
Basilar a. at bottom of image (gives rise to the left posterio cerbral - goes counter clockwise in order)
33
What are the green vessels?
Branches of the anterior cerebral arteries ## Footnote Supply the medial gyri
34
What are the blue vessels?
Branches of the middle cerebral arteries ## Footnote Supply the lateral gyri
35
What are the orange vessels?
Branches of the posterior cerebral arteries ## Footnote Supply the inferior aspect of the temporal lobes and the medial/lateral aspects of the occipital lobe
36
What space do vessels run on top of the brain?
The subarachnoid space
37
Layers of dura mater
Periosteal layer and meningeal layer
38
Dural venous sinus
Forms between dural layers
39
Subdural hematoma
40
Confluence of sinuses
Confluence of straight, occipital, and superior saggital sinuses
41
R/L Cavernous sinus
CN VI and internal carotid pass through middle CN III, IV, V-1, and V-2 pass along the outer edge of the sinus ## Footnote Inferior petrosal sinus drains to internal jugular v. Or Cavernous sinus -> superior petrosal sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular v.
42
Dural reflections
43
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum and brainstem Connects the sphenoid bone to the occipital bone Contains the transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinuses
44
Falx cerebri
Between the right/left hemispheres Connects the crystalgali of the ephmoid bone to the posterior tentorium cerebelli Contains inferior and superior saggital sinuses
45
Falx cerebelli
Small projection of dura between R/L cerebellar hemispheres Contains the occipital sinus Connects to the tentorium cerebelli
46
Diaphragma sellae
Small projection of dura that forms at the roof of the cella tursica, only allows for infindibulum and associated vessels of the pituitary to pass through
47
Olfactory nerve
(CN I ) Arises from olfactory cortex Sensory fibers
48
Oculomotor nerve
(CN III) Arises from the midbrain Motor fibers to the extrinsic muscles of the eye
49
Optic nerve
(CN II) Arises from the thalamus - part of the midbrain Sensory fibers
50
Trochlear nerve
(CN IV) Arises from the midbrain Motor fiber to the superior oblique muscle (muscle uses trochlea as a pulley) in the eye
51
Trigeminal nerve
(CN V) Arises from the pons Sensory and motor (mastication muscles) fibers
52
Abducens nerve
(CN VI) Pontomedullary junction Motor to the lateral rectus of the eye Abducts the eye
53
Facial nerve
(CN VII) Pontomedullary junction Motor to muscles of facial expression and glands Sensory traveling from the tongue and palate
54
Vestibulocochlear nerve
(CN VIII) Pontomedullary junction Sensory fibers only (auditory and balance)
55
Glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX) Arises from the medulla Motor and sensory fibers
56
Vagus nerve
(CN X) Arises from the medulla Motor and sensory fibers
57
Spinal accessory nerve
(CN XI) Arises from the spinal cord Motor fibers only ## Footnote SCM and trapezius mm.
58
Hypoglossal nerve
(CN XII) Arises from the medulla (anterior to the olive) Motor fibers only (muscles on the tongue)
59
General targets of facial nerves
60
What passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen>
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (CN V-1) Anterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal vein
61
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve ( CN IV) Lacrimal nerve (from CN V-1) Frontal nerve (from CN V-1) Nasocillary nerve (from CN V-1) Abducens nerve (CN VI) Superior opthalmic vein
62
What passes through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V-3) Accessory meningeal artery Venous plexus of foramen ovale
63
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (from CN V-3) Middle meningeal artery Middle meningeal vein
64
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Acessory spinal nerve (CN XI) Posterior meningeal artery Inferior petrosal sinus Internal jugular vein (continuation of sigmoid sinus)
65
What passes through the cribriform plate?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
66
What passes through the optic canal?
Optic nerve (CN II) Opthalmic artery
67
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (CN V-2)
68
What passes through the carotid canal?
Carotid sympathetic plexus Internal carotid artery Carotid venous plexus
69
What passes through the internal auditory meautus?
Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Labryinthine artery Labryinthine vein
70
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries Anterior spinal artery Posterior spinal arteries Spinal medulla (medulla oblongata) Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI) Posterior spinal vein
71
How does CN I exit the skull
The olfactory nerve exits through the ethmoid foramina
72
How does CN V-3 exit the skull?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits through the foramen ovale
73
How does CN II exit the skull?
The optic nerve exits through the optic canal
74
What CN's exit through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, V-1, and VI
75
How does the CN V-2 exit the skull?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve exits through the foramen rotundrum
76
What CN's exit through the internal auditory meatus?
The facial nerve (CN VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) ## Footnote CN VIII does not exit the skull
77
What CN's pass through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, and XI
78
Where does CN XII exit the skull?
The hypoglossal nerve exits via the hypoglossal canal
79
Mnemonic for fibers of CN's
S - sensory fibers only M - motor fibers only B - both sensory and motor Some say marry money but my big brother says big brains matter more
80
Which CN's carry visceral motor fibers?
The parasympathetics (CN III, VII, IX, and X) All but glossopharyngeal also have visceral affarent fibers
81
Special senses
CN I, II, VII, VIII, and IX
82
Pt presents with anosma (loss of smell)
CN I
83
Pt presents with imparied vision
CN II
84
Pt presents with diplopia, ptosis, and/or light sensitivity
CN III
85
Pt presents with diplopia
CN IV
86
Pt presents with loss of sesnation of the face, paralysis of muscles of mastication
CN V
87
Pt presents with diplopia and medial deviation of the eye
CN VI
88
Pt presents with dry mouth, loss of facial muscles, loss of corneal reflex, and loss of tast anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN VII
89
Pt presents with unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, and motion sickness
CN VIII
90
Pt presents with throat/ear pain, dysphagia and sensory and loss of tast posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN IX
91
Pt presents with nasal speech, vocal cord paralysis, and gastroparesis
CN X
92
Pt presents with an inability to move tongue - tongue deviates to one side
CN XII - tongue typically deviates ipsilaterally to the side of the lesion
93
Branches of CN VII
94
# I What artery supplies the superior laryngeal nerve?
The superior thyroid artery courses with the superior laryngial nerve on its way to supply the cricothyroid muscle
95
Horner's syndrome
96
Pt presents with primary osseous tumor of the spinal column at the level of C1 impinging on the ventral root of C1, deinnervating all of its targets. The Pt would be experiencing paralysis of which of the following muscles? Anterior scalene Genioglossus Mylohyoid Posterior belly of digastric Thyrohyoid
The thyrohyoid is supplied by C1 fibers alone, carried by CN XII
97
What innervates the anterior scalene muscle?
Fibers from C5 & 6
98
What innervates the mylohyoid ## Footnote A branch of the
A branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V-3) ## Footnote Nerve is named the mylohyoid nerve
99
What innervates the genioglossus?
CN XII
100
What innervates the omohyoid muscle?
The ansa cervicalis of C1-3
101
At 44 y/o Pt was admitted to the emergency department with a stab wound to the neck and was found in respiratory crisis. Damage to the nerve coursing vertically on the anterior (ventral) surface of the anterior scalene muscle will result in paralysis of what muscle below the head?
The diaphragm
102
A 74 y/o man undergoes parotid surgery for the resection of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma. During the procedure the surgeon transects the facial nerve (CN VII) at the stylomastoid foramen. Which of the following muscles are paralyzed?
The buccal muscle
103
A 23 y/o man has a scalp laceration. You become concerned about infection if the laceration has penetrated what layer of the scalp?
The loose connective tissue layer, which lies deep to the gala aponeurotica. There are emissary veins in the loose connective tissue layer which connect to the dural venous sinuses inside the skull.
104
Pain through the mucosa of the cheek is transmitted by?
The buccal nerve of CN V-3
105
What nerve provides sensory information from the chin?
The inferior alveolar nerve transverse through the mental foramen
106

M1 Gross Anatomy (16 decks)

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