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Neuroscience > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are in the PNS?

A 
Cranial nerve (comes out of brain)
Spinal nerves 
Ganglia (dorsal root ganglia)
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2
Q

What structures are in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Describe nerve dendrites, cell body and axons

A

Dendrites = electrical stimulation
Cell body = integrates signals, generates AP
Axon = signals from body to axon terminals

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4
Q

What are the three areas of the brain based on development ?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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5
Q

What sections are included in the forebrain?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (cerebellum)

2. Diencephalon (Thalamus and hypothalamus)

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6
Q

What sections are in the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

What sections are included in the hindbrain ?

A

Medulla

Pons and cerebellum

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8
Q

What are sulci and gyri ?

A 
Sulci = infolding of cerebral hemisphere, form valleys between gyri 
Gyri= ridges of infolding cerebral cortex, the actual tissue
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9
Q

What are nerve nets ?

A 
Simplest form of NS 
Nerve cells in net-like formation in layers of body wall 
no central control 
nerve signals travel in both directions 
in jellyfish and hydras
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10
Q

Describe the NS in starfish

A

Centralisation of the NS

Ring of neurones in the centre with bundles of neurones (radial nerves) extending to each arm

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11
Q

What is cephalisation ?

A

Formation of the primitive brain
Animals with bilateral symmetry ( 2 nerve cords run down body), ganglia, cluster of neurones near head for a more complex system

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12
Q

What are the 4 functional areas of the brain?

A 
Frontal = motor 
Parietal = sensory 
Occipital = vision 
Temporal = auditory
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13
Q

What are the 7 parts of the CNS?

A 
Cerebrum
Diencephalon 
(Brainstem)= Midbrains, Pons, Medulla 
Cerebellum 
Spinal cord
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14
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell bodies, major component of CNS

Central in spine, out in brain

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15
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons, connect to different parts of grey

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16
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres connected?

A

Corpus callosum and axons travelling between hemi(commissural fibres )

17
Q

Where do the afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex come from?

A

ASCENDING info from the thalamus, brainstem, forebrain , hypothalamus
Axons travelling between hemi (commissural fibres )
Info from ipsilateral cortex

18
Q

What is the cerebral output?

A

Excitation from pyramidal cells (use excitatory NT eg Glutamate)

19
Q

Describe the features and functions of the brainstem

A
  • Ascending and descending tracts connect the SC to higher centres ( cerebrum, cerebellum)
  • Important in reflex centres, associated with control of rest, heart rate, BP, consciousness
  • contain cranial nerve nuclei
20
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum ?

A 
Posture 
Tension of muscles 
Aids cerebral cortex in planning sequential movements (one movement to the next = smooth)
Motor coordination 
Balance
21
Q

What are the cerebellar inputs ?

A

Spinal cord, vestibular system, motor systems in neocortex

22
Q

What are the cerebellar outputs ?

A

Vestibular system, brain stem, muscle spindles, motor and pre-motor cortices

23
Q

How is the CNS protected ?

A

Bone ( skull and vertebral column)
Meninges
CSF ( cerebrospinal fluid)

24
Q

What are meninges ?

A

Connective tissue which encloses the brain, spinal cord and there blood vessels
3 layers = dura, arachnoid, pia

25
Q

What is the CSF?

A

Clear free fluid produced by th choroid plexus (ependymal cells )that circulates in the the subarachnoid space
Helps buoyancy

26
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of ?

A

Endothelial cells joined by tight junctions

27
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

Form glial-limiting membrane around BV and CNS surface

Preventing the diffusion of solutes and fluid into brain and SC

28
Q

What is the integrity of the blood brain barrier dependent on ?

A

Astrocyte end feet

29
Q

What do microglia go ?

A
  • phagocytose cell debris in response to injury
  • have to be activated but CNS damage
  • release cytokines (help or hinder recovery)
30
Q

What are purkinje neurones ?

A

pear-shaped cell bodies
distinctive dendrite tree
receive afferent info
largest cel in cerebellum

31
Q

What do olgiodendrocytes do?

A

form myelin sheath around CNS axons

I oligodendrocyte about to myelinate several axons

32
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Form myelin health around PNS axons

role in org of connective tissue sheaths around peripheral nerves during development and regeneration

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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