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YR 3 MED > NEURO WK 2 > Flashcards

NEURO WK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

structures of the neurone (5)

A

axon
dendrite
soma (cell body)
axon hillock and initial segment
synapse

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2
Q

4 functional regions of neurones

A

input
integrative
conductile
output

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3
Q

What does a ‘leaky’ nerve cell membrane mean? What law can represent this?

A

not a perfect insulator
ohm’s law V = IR
smaller diameter, greater resistance, narrower axon

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4
Q

methods of increasing passive currents spread ?? and therefore increase action potential velocity

A

increase axon diameter
more myelin

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5
Q

demyelinating disorders - what are they and give examples (2)

A

MS
GBS

damage to the myelin sheath -> nerve conduction impaired -> neurological symptoms

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6
Q

chemical neurotransmission - overview and its 9 steps

A

uptake of precursor

synthesis and storage of transmitter

calcium is needed for fusion

neurotransmitter will bind to a specific receptor and cause receptor to activate

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7
Q

3 types of synapse - what is the most common one?

A

axodendrite - very common
axosomatic
axoaxonic

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8
Q

2 types of neurotransmitters

A

inotropic - direct effect, nicotinic ACh receptor channel activation, usually excitatory

metabotropic - indirect effect through g-protein complex, muscarinic ACh receptor activation, inhibitory

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9
Q

Fast vs. slow EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

FAST = ligand gated, activation of nicotinic or ionotropic receptors. conduct sodium and potassium. eg ACh acting on inotropic receptor = fast EPSP

SLOW = muscarinic or G protein-coupled ACh receptors. closes potassium channel

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10
Q

main excitatory / inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain ??

A

glutamate
GABA

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11
Q

2 TYPES OF GABA receptors

A

GABA A - ligand gated channels,
allows chloride ions to flow into the neuron
eg. benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam), barbiturates, and alcohol.

GABA B - G coupled protein receptors
allows opening of potassium channels
eg. baclofen for muscle spasticity

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12
Q

different types of sensory modalities (5)

A

vision
auditory
gustatory
olfactory
touch - somatosensory

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13
Q

3 types of adaption. Adaptation determines the firing rate of sensory neurones in response to changing stimuli.

A

phasic or transient - rapid decrease, CNS

tonic or sustained - gradual decrease, CNS

peripheral or short term, sensory receptor level

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14
Q

low threshold unit / mechanoreceptors * - what fibre class and where does it terminate??

A

mechanoreceptors - light touch and pressure

alpha beta - large and fast

Meissner’s corpuscles - light touch, superifical

Pacinian corpuscles - pressure and vibration, deep

Merkel cells - sustained pressure and detecting objects
ruffini endings - sustained pressure and skin stretch

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15
Q

conduction velocity types (4), what is fastest conduction v / thickest myelination?? what type of sensory receptor do they conduct??

A

type A - FASTEST, big, myelinated, has motor and sensory functions

B - medium sized and time, lightly myelinated, motor fibers responsible for involuntary functions such as digestion, sweating, and cardiovascular regulation.

Adelta - small, myelinated, sharp pain

C - SLOWEST and small, unmyelinated, primarily sensory fibers responsible for transmitting sensations of pain, temperature

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16
Q

Brodmann areas (4)

A

Primary Motor cortex
Primary visual cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Broca/Wernicke’s area

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17
Q

Cutaneous receptors (5)

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoregulators
free nerve endings
nociceptors
hair follicle receptors/specialised

18
Q

stretch reflex

A

aka myotatic or deep tendon reflex

19
Q

extrapyramidal pathways - 4 tracts

A
20
Q

neuronal coding in the primary motor cortex (4). What does the primary motor cortex control??

A

Brodmann area 4, pre-central gyrus
contralateral control

21
Q

what are the 3 FORMS OF PAIN

A

nociceptive
neuropathic
mixed

22
Q

What type of fibres mediate pain??

A

a delta and c fibres

23
Q

allodynia

A

heightened sensitivity to touch, so that sensations that are typically not painful become painful

24
Q

brown sequard syndrome

A

pain and temp on opposite side
ipsilateral

25
Q

THE WHO ANALGESIC LADDER, what are the 3 steps ??

A

analgesics
weak opiods
strong opioids

26
Q

NSAIDs mechanism

A

reversibly inhibit the COX1/2

27
Q

What mediates opioid action?? what do opioid receptors produce??

A

opiod receptors, binding

28
Q

what are the 3 classes of opioids receptors

A

GPCRs

Mu

delta

kappa

29
Q

rods see in _____ light. rod system has more __________ than cones. Differences between rods and cones

A

rods - dim, low light

cones - day light

more rods than cones

30
Q

what is the function of the dark current??

A

steady influx of sodium ions (Na⁺) into photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the absence of light.

this is essential for maintaining photoreceptor cells in a state of partial depolarization, and maintaining resting potential.

31
Q

centre surround organisation / lateral inhibition

A
32
Q

the OFF / ON pathway

A
33
Q

6 LAYERS OF LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS *

A
34
Q

structures of the labyrinth

A

within the inner ear that consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth. It houses the sensory organs responsible for hearing (cochlea) and balance (semicircular canals and otolithic organs),

35
Q

High vs. low frequency - Which end of the basilar membrane is wider and how does this relate to pitch?

A

basilar membrane is narrower and stiffer at the base (near the oval window) and wider and more flexible at the apex (farther along the cochlear spiral).

base = high frequency

36
Q

inner vs outer hair cells - the 2 types of hair cells

A

within the organ of Corti

37
Q

function of otolith organs

A

utricle and saccule
responsible for detecting linear acceleration, changes in head position relative to gravity, and contributing to balance and postural control

38
Q

INPUT AND OUTPUT TO / OF THE BASAL GANGLIA

A
39
Q

What releases dopamine?? - What are the 2 methods??

A

substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

phasic (burst) release in response to rewarding stimuli and tonic (steady-state) release to maintain baseline dopamine levels.

40
Q

disorders of the Basal Ganglia - Parkinson’s, Huntington’s. What happens to the pathway?

A

PD - substantia nigra is affected

striatum (specifically the caudate nucleus and putamen

YR 3 MED (23 decks)

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