NEURO WK 1 Flashcards
2 main types of neurones and their innervations
multipolar → motor innervation and autonomic, CNS
unipolar - sensory innervation, PNS
Dermatome of nipple, umbilicus, posterior scalp, neck and shoulder, upper limb, lower limb
T4
T10
C2-C4
C5-T1
L2-Co1
Cranial nerves and their CNS connection
I - forebrain
II - forebrain
III - MIDbrain
IV - midbrain
V - pons
VI - junction
VII - junction
VIII - junction
IX - medulla
X - medulla
XI - spinal cord
XII - medulla
what type of innervation for anterior/ventral root? And posterior/dorsal root?
motor
sensory
dermatome vs myotome
dermatome - sensation
myotome - movement
what are the 3 visible swellings or vesicles in early development? → later becomes 5
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
what are glial cells and their 4 types ??
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
what makes up the lentiform nucleus?
globus pallidus
putamen
meninges and its 3 coverings
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what 2 muscles causes spine flexion and extension ??
flexion:
psoas major and rectus abdominis
extension:
erector spinalis
paralysis vs spasticity
loss of muscle function
stiff muscles and increased muscle tone
which nerve compression by uncal herniation leads to an ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil?
CN III
at what level do you do a lumbar puncture?? and whyyy
L3/L4 - mostly sensory as it is done at the back
Spinal cord ends at L1/L2
avoids inadvertent damage to the conus medullaris, which typically terminates at L1
to get CSF in subarachnoid space
2 pathways of spinothalamic tract?
anterior/lateral
clinical testing of reflexes, biceps, triceps, knee, ankle and brachioradialis
C5-C6
C8-T1
L3-L4
S1-S2
spinal nerve dermatomes
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL
what membrane separates scale vestibule and scala media?
reissner’s membrane
3 components of the cochlea? What fluid are they made up of ??
scala vestibule - perilymph
scala media - endo
scala tympani - peri
what nerves form the first part of the afferent limb of the corneal aka blink reflex?
trigeminal V1
what pathway is involved in propioception?
dorsal column
Cranial nerves and their foramen openings
I - cribriform plate
II - optic canal
III - superior orbital fissure
IV - superior orbital fissure
V - superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
VI - superior orbital fissure
VII - internal acoustic meatus
VIII - internal acoustic meatus
IX - jugular foramen
X - jugular foramen
XI - jugular foramen
XII - hypoglossal canal
C1, C2, C7 - atypical vertebrae
C1 - Lacks a vertebral body (replaced by anterior and posterior arches).
Does not have a spinous process.
C2 - Contains a unique bony process called the dens (odontoid process) that projects upward from the vertebral body.
C7 - Has a long and prominent spinous process
what joint is responsible for head nodding / SHAKING ??
nodding = Atlanto-occipital Joint (BETWEEN C1 AND OCCIPITAL BONE)
shaking = atlantoaxial joint (formed between C1 and C2)
laminectomy pathway - what layers do you go thru
skin
fat
paraspinal muscles
supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligaments
ligamentum flavum
epidural pathway - what layers do you go thru
skin -> fat-> supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
ligamentum flavum
the epidural needle stops before penetrating the dura mater and spinal cord or nerve roots within the spinal canal.
in caudal anaesthesia, local anaesthetic is injected into the ________ ________ to anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the ________ ________
sacral hiatus
cauda equina
peripheral nerve motor innervation of whole body
circle of willis
communicating
anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries
basilar artery
pontine
clinical testing of all cranial nerves
cotton wool
tongue depressor
what does conus medullaris become after ending ??
cauda equina.
location of lamina, lamina of rexed
REXED - I to X in gray matter
Lamina I: Also known as the marginal layer, involved in pain and temperature sensation.
Lamina II (Substantia Gelatinosa): Involved in processing nociceptive (pain) information.
Lamina IV: Associated with sensory relay and integration.
Lamina VII: Contains motor neurons that project to skeletal muscles.
Lamina X: Central canal region, containing cerebrospinal fluid and ependymal cells.
where is the somatosensory area and
primary motor area in the brain??
somatosensory - postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe in the brain.
motor - precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain, just anterior (in front) of the central sulcus.
where is a common location of cerebral vascular accident??
INTERNAL CAPSULE
clinical testing of upper / lower limb myotomes
upper and lower neuro exam
