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psychology revision > neuro: treating psychopathology > Flashcards

neuro: treating psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

reveal unconscious conflicts, identify life events that caused conflicts, bring conflicts into conscious awareness. what approach is this?

A

Freud’s psychodynamic approach

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2
Q

what are the 4 techniques used in the psychodynamic approach?

A

→ free association
→ transference
→ dream analysis
→ interpretation

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3
Q

client is encouraged to verbalise thoughts, feelings, images that come to mind to bring unconscious conflicts into awareness

A

free association

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4
Q

analyst is used as a target for emotional responses

A

transference

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5
Q

how often and how long does psychodynamic approach take?

A

3-5 sessions a week, can take many years (3-7)

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6
Q

view that symptoms of psychological disorders are learnt through simple conditioning processes

A

faulty learning

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7
Q

anxiety symptoms as a result of ______ conditioning and behavioural problems were acquired from ______ conditioning

A

classical,

operant

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8
Q

classical conditioning principle, assumes emotional problems can be unlearnt by disrupting the association between anxiety provoking cues or situations and the threat/traumatic outcomes

A

extinction

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9
Q

what are some techniques that apply extinction principles/classical conditioning principles?

A

flooding, counterconditioning, systematic desensitisation, reciprocal inhibition, aversion therapy

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10
Q

treatment of phobias and related disorders, patient repeatedly exposed to highly distressing stimuli

A

flooding

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11
Q

behaviour therapy using conditioning techniques to establish a response that is antagonistic to the psychopathology

A

counterconditioning

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12
Q

expose a person to their fear, starting at the least fearful activity → highest fearful activity

effective treatment for simple phobias

A

systematic desensitisation

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13
Q

teach the person an association of the problem with a negative outcome

A

aversion therapy

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14
Q

what are 3 therapies based on operant conditioning principles?

A

functional analysis, response shaping/token economy, behavioural self control

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15
Q

try and understand what rewarding or reinforcing factors might be maintaining inappropriate/maladaptive behaviour

A

functional analysis

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16
Q

give an example a psychopathology that would be treated by functional analysis

A

self harm → as may be maintained by a range of reinforcing consequences
reward = attention, self stimulation

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17
Q

provide a reward for a response behaviour that shows improvement, reinforcement to encourage new behaviours

A

response shaping and token economy

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18
Q

used by any individual to control and manage their own behaviour (addictions, habits, obsessions, other behavioural problems)
self control programmes → personal use → operant conditioning principles

A

behavioural self control

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19
Q

try and understand what rewarding or reinforcing factors might be maintaining inappropriate/maladaptive behaviour

A

functional analysis

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20
Q

give an example a psychopathology that would be treated by functional analysis

A

self harm → as may be maintained by a range of reinforcing consequences
reward = attention, self stimulation

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21
Q

provide a reward for a response behaviour that shows improvement, reinforcement to encourage new behaviours

A

response shaping and token economy

22
Q

used by any individual to control and manage their own behaviour (addictions, habits, obsessions, other behavioural problems)
self control programmes → personal use → operant conditioning principles

A

behavioural self control

23
Q

explain the cognitive therapy approach

A

idea that psychological problems are faulty ways of THINKING

challenges existing dysfunctional beliefs and replaces them with more rational beliefs

24
Q

what are different types of cognitive distortion/bias?

A

→ attentional bias
→ inaccurate belief
→ paranoia

25
Q

describe Beck’s cognitive therapy and the negative triad

A

view that depression is maintained by a negative schema

leads depressed individuals to hold negative views about:
→ themselves
→ their future
→ the world

26
Q

CBT?

A

change dysfunctional cognitions

27
Q

what is MBCT?

A

mindfulness-based CT

emphasises achieving a mental state by present moment focus and non judgemental awareness

reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression

28
Q

benzos = agonists of _____

A

GABA

gaba = valium, zolpidem
anxiety reducing → treat anxiety disorders

29
Q

prevent reuptake of serotonin in the synapse so more serotonin to improve mood (treat depression)

A

SSRIs

seroxat, zoloft → antidepressants

30
Q

what are the limitations of drug treatments?

A

→ side effects
→ overprescription medicalises everyday problems of living
→ many drugs ineffective (or no better than placebo) for people with mild symptoms

31
Q

attempts to understand the family as a social system

A

systems theory

32
Q

benzos = agonists of _____

A

GABA

33
Q

prevent reuptake of serotonin in the synapse so more serotonin to improve mood (treat depression)

A

SSRIs

34
Q

what are examples of antipsychotics and what disorders do they treat?

A

Haldol, clozaril

antipsychotic → treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

35
Q

how do we assess how effective a treatment is?

A

try and compare therapies

36
Q

the treatment provided will depend on what 2 factors?

A

→ theoretical orientation and training of therapist

→ nature of psychopathology

37
Q

what are the different modes of delivery of treatments?

A

one to one client therapist meetings, group therapy, self help groups, counselling, computerised CBT, e-therapy (email), tele psychiatry (phone, videoconference)

38
Q

what are factors that might help recovery and make a treatment more effective?

A

→ sympathetic therapist

→ rationale for recovery that the client believes and understands will help them

39
Q

what are factors that might hinder recovery and make a treatment less effective?

A

→ bad relationship with therapist
→ unsupportive home environment
→ use of intervention that is poorly structured

40
Q

need to assess the _____ validity

A

internal

41
Q

why is assessing the efficacy of different therapies difficult?

A

because of the large range of different factors that influence recovery

42
Q

spontaneous remission:

A

many people with psychological disorders will get better naturally over a period of time without therapy

43
Q

__% of people with depression/anxiety disorders recover without treatment

A

30

44
Q

detailed report of treatment provided to an individual patient and their outcome =

A

case study

45
Q

descriptive report of treatment and patient outcomes in groups of patients who have received different types of treatment =

A

case series

46
Q

comparison of the effectiveness of a treatment beings assessed with a variety of control conditions and with other forms of treatment

A

RTC’s

47
Q

waitlist control =

A

when registered in need of a treatment → half get it while other half are told they will get the treatment in future

hope for spontaneous remission
(difficult to achieve → ethical issues → withholding treatment form clinically distressed individuals)

48
Q

What are some of the problems with RTCs?

A

→ high drop out rates (especially in control groups)
→ very expensive
→ doesn’t take into account of patients preferred therapy (randomised patient preference trials do)
→ only focus on statistical rather than clinical significance
→ findings may not generalise to typical settings/populations
→ biases, publication bias, researcher allegiance bias
→ commercial interests

49
Q

In meta-analysis’ and umbrella analysis what have RCTs shown about therapies?

A

most (but not all) therapies are more effective than control conditions

many are better than placebo

individual RCTs and meta-analysis tended to find few differences between different types of treatment

50
Q

implies all psychotherapies are more effective than no treatment but produce equivalent benefits and show treatment equivalence =

A

‘The Dodo bird verdict’

51
Q

relationship between therapist and client =

A

therapeutic alliance

psychology revision (15 decks)

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