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psychology revision > neuro: intro and anatomy of the NS > Flashcards

neuro: intro and anatomy of the NS Flashcards

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1
Q

what were hyppocrates 4 humours describing psychopathology?

A

blood, flem, yellow bile, black bile

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2
Q

Kraepelin (1883) classified mental disorders as ____ and _____?

A

exogenous
(factors outside the individual)
endogenous
(factors inside the individual)

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3
Q

describe key developments in the history of psychopathology

A

ancient civilisations saw psychological distress as a manifestation of supernatural forces (spirits, edits, witchcraft, demons)
treatment involved prayer, rituals, spells, natural remedies and exorcisms
more recent history shows better attempts to cure psychopathology

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4
Q

what are the different approaches in explaining psychopathology?

A 
biological approach
psychological approaches (humanistic existenial, behavioural, psychoanalytic theories)
biopsychosocial model
statistical
normative 
functional
distress based
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5
Q

discuss the biological approach

A

neurochemical dysfunction
genetics - vulnerability to mental disorders
brain structure lesions
environmental stress - HPA axis and stress response

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6
Q

summarise the statistical, normative, functional and distress based approaches

A

statistical = displaying a behaviour that deviates far from the statistical norm

normative = assumption that socially normal and acceptable behaviours represent adaptive ways of behaving

functional = assumption that if unable to function with everyday activities, behaviours then may be maladapted/impaired = abnormal

distress based = based on each individuals distress/inability to cope with their own experiences and problems

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7
Q

what are the limitations of the normative approach?

A

subjective, intolerance of cultural and individual differences, norms are socially constructed and random, can lead to abuse of power

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8
Q

what are the pros and cons of the statistical approach?

A 
pros = offers objectivity and measurability
cons = measurement error, regression to the mean, extreme values don't always imply extreme problems as may be due to high stress on the day of treatment
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9
Q

what are the limitations of the functional approach?

A

it is based on a individualistic world view but some people require more help to function to societal expectations such as people with disabilities, no money, born into poverty

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10
Q

what are the pros and cons of the distress based approach?

A 
pros = behaviour isn't compared to other people but each individuals own experiences
cons = lack of insight into the nature of their problems. risk of medicalising normal reactions, highly subjective so difficult to standardise
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11
Q

what are the causes of mental health stigma?

A

lack of education, history of institutionalisation, media, peoples expectations, fear, ignorance, stereotypes/prejudice

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12
Q

what are the implications of stigma?

A

problems with recovery and taking treatment, labelling people, lack of trust, fear in seeking support

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13
Q

what are neurons?

A

cells specialised for reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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14
Q

in the PNS what are bundles of axons called?

A

nerves

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15
Q

in the CNS what are bundle of axons called?

A

tracts

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16
Q

what are the features of a golgi type 1 and golgi type 2 neuron?

A

golgi type 1 = long axon and large

golgi type 2 = short axon

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17
Q

neurons have different number of processes. what are the names for neurons with a singular dendrite and neurons with more than 1 dendrite?

A

1 dendrite = bipolar neuron

1+ dendrite = multipolar neuron

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18
Q

what are neurons called when they have a short or no axon?

A

interneurons

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19
Q

what are the 4 main types of glial cells?

A 
schwann cell (PNS)
CNS:
oligodendrocytes 
astrocytes
microglia
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20
Q

what are the functions of schwann cells?

A

myelination - increases speed of conduction

only schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage

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21
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin around some of the axons in the brain
speed up conduction
extensions wrap around axons of neurons in CNS

22
Q

what is the name for myelinated segments?

A

internodes

23
Q

what is the name for unmyelinated segments?

A

nodes of Ranvier

24
Q

what are the functions of microglia?

A

represent the immune system in the brain
trigger inflammatory responses
phagocytosis
proliferate at damaged areas of the brain

25
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

star shaped
induce and maintain tight junctions in endothelial cells which form blood brain battier - protection of brain tissue
uptake of neurotransmitters
neurovascular coupling

26
Q

what dye is used for a nissl stain?

A

cresyl violet

27
Q

what is a nissl stain used for?

A

cresol violet dye only binds effectively to structures in neuron cell bodies so it used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area by counting the nissl stained dots

28
Q

what substance is used for a golgi stain?

A

silver chromate

potassium dichromate + silver nitrate

29
Q

how does a golgi stain work?

A

silver chromate stains tissue slices and turns each individual neuron black
this allows individual neurons to be viewed

30
Q

how does electron microscopy as a neuroanatomical technique work?

A

thin slices of neural tissue are coated with an electron absorbing substance
beams of electrons are passed through onto a micrograph
taken up by different parts of neurons to different degrees
lots of detail

31
Q

what are the 2 different types of tracing techniques?

A

anterograde (forward) and retrograde (backward)

32
Q

a chemical is injected and taken up by cell bodies and transported forward along their axons to their terminal bodies to trace an axon path. what is this called?

A

anterograde tracing

33
Q

a chemical is injected and taken up by terminal buttons and transported backward along their axons to their cell bodies to trace an axon path. what is this called?

A

retrograde tracing

34
Q

brainstem = ______ + ______

A

hindbrain

midbrain

35
Q

the hindbrain consists of what 2 subdivisions?

A 
myelencephalon = bone marrrow = medulla oblongata
metencephalon = pons and cerebellum
36
Q

describe the features and functions of the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

A

contains nuclei that allows vital automatic functions to take place:
respiration
HR
blood pressure
nuclei makes up the vagus nerve that is part of the ANS and controls heart muscle, smooth muscle (blood vessels) and glands

37
Q

what is the role of the pons (metencephalon)?

A

contains nuclei

sleep and arousal

38
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum (metencephalon)

A

‘little brain’
integrates sensory info to modify motor output
coordinates and smooths movements

39
Q

what happens if there is damage to the cerebellum?

A

movements will be jerky, poorly coordinated and exaggerated

40
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the brain?

A 
myelencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon
41
Q

what brain structures are part of the mesencephalon in the midbrain?

A

tectum and tegmentum

42
Q

describe the features and functions of the tectum

A

consists of superior and inferior colliculi
superior = part of visual system - adaptive rapid eye movements
inferior = part of auditory system

43
Q

describe the features and functions of the tegmentum

A

red nucleus - part of motor system - muscles of shoulder and upper arm
substantia nigra - part of motor system - basal ganglia
periaqueductal grey - species typical behaviours (mating)

44
Q

the midbrain consists of which division?

A

mesencephalon

45
Q

the forebrain consists of which 2 sub divisions?

A

diencephalon

telencephalon

46
Q

what brain structures are part of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

47
Q

discuss the nuclei present in the thalamus

A

the thalamus is divided into nuclei (neurons of similar size and shape)
sensory relay nuclei transmit info from receptors to cortex

48
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

organises autonomic and glandular aspects of responses related to survival
feeding, fighting, fleeing, mating, homeostasis
contains many nuclei with distinct functions

49
Q

what brain structures are part of the telencephalon?

A

basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebral cortex

50
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal - movement/motor
temporal - auditory
parietal - somatosensory
occipital - visual

psychology revision (15 decks)

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