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Anatomy II Unit 1 > Neuro Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Neuro Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the corticospinal tract forms the ____ on the anterior aspect of the medulla and the ____ in the midbrain

A

pyramids; middle half of the cerebral peduncles

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2
Q

all brainstem levels rostral to the obex have 3 areas:

A
  1. tectum- posterior to ventricle
  2. tegmentum- anterior to ventricle
  3. stuff added anteriorly
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3
Q

the ____ has the most tectum

A

midbrain

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4
Q

the stuff added anteriorly has ____ functions and consists of what in each level?

A

conduit; cerebral peduncles in the midbrain, basal pons in the pons, and the pyramids and inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla

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5
Q

the tegmentum contains the ____ and ____ functions

A

Cranial nerve; reticular formation (integrative functions) of the brainstem

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6
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) rootlet exits medulla via ____, lateral to the pyramid

A

anterolateral sulcus or preolivary sulcus

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7
Q

rootlets of IX and X nerves exit the medulla via the ____, lateral to the olive

A

postolivary sulcus

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8
Q

tectum of the midbrain contains the ____ and ____

A

superior colliculus (rostral midbrain- visual function); inferior colliculus (caudal midbrain-auditory function)

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9
Q

markers of the caudal (closed) medulla

A
  • central canal
  • gracile and cuneate nuclei and tracts
  • pyramidal decussation
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10
Q

markers of rostral (open) medulla

A
  • fourth ventricle
  • inferior olivary nucleus (in olive)
  • XII nucleus
  • pyramids
  • medial lemniscus (feet down, vertically oriented)
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11
Q

markers of caudal pons

A

ICP
MCP
medial lemniscus- horizontal with feet down
fourth ventricle present

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12
Q

markers of rostral pons

A

SCP
medial lemniscus- horizontal with feet lateral, approaching STT
small ventricular space- opening of cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

the _____ decussate in the caudal midbrain

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

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14
Q

after decussating, most SCP fibers end in the _____

A

red nucleus

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15
Q

nucleus that contains neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter and heavily innervate the caudate and putamen of the cerebrum; neuronal loss results in parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra

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16
Q

caudal midbrain markers

A

inferior colliculi
CN IV nucleus
decussation of SCP

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17
Q

rostral midbrain markers

A

superior colliculi
red nucleus
substantia nigra
CN III nucleus

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18
Q

___ and ____ brainstem supplied by perforating branches

A

anterior; medial

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19
Q

____ supply lateral brainstem and cerebellum

A

circumferential arteries

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20
Q

the reticular formation extends into the cerebrum as the ____

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

RF important in the regulation of:

A
  • posture
  • some stereotypic motor behaviors
  • regulating internal environment
  • pain regulation
  • sleep and wakefulness
  • emotional tone
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22
Q

most ascending and descending projections are in the ____ zone of the reticular formation

A

medial (paramedian)

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23
Q

lateral zone of RF is prominent in rostral medulla/caudal pons and is primarily involved in _____ and ____

A

cranial nerve reflexes; visceral functions

24
Q

two reticulospinal tracts involved in movement control:

A
  1. medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract- from pontine RF to anterior horn
  2. lateral (medullary) reticulospinal tract- from medullary RF to anterior horn
25
Q

brainstem RF gaze centers

A
  • midbrain vertical gaze center

- pontine horizontal gaze center

26
Q

pattern generator for mastication

A

supratrigeminal nucleus in the pons

27
Q

locomotion pattern generator

A

in the pons

28
Q

heart rate, respiration, swallowing/vomiting pattern generators

A

in the medulla “vital center”

29
Q

PAG receives pain info from _____ fibers; also gets input from ____, ____ and ____

A

spinomesencephalic; hypothalamus, cortex, amygdala

30
Q

one way opiates work to control pain is to activate ____ at multiple levels

A

PAG-raphe

31
Q

opiate receptos abundant in ___, ____ and _____

A

PAG; raphe; posterior horn of spinal cord

32
Q

raphe can inhibit ____ directly or indirectly by activating ____ that inhibit it. can also directly inhibit _____

A

STT; interneurons; pain afferents

33
Q

midbrain and pons RF get input from multiple sensory modalities (i.e. pain, spinoreticular fibers); project to _____, which project diffusely to ____ to heighten arousal and consciousness

A

thalamic intralaminar nuclei; cortex

34
Q

RF-thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections to cortex and _____ work together to modulate cortical activity

A

monoamine (serotonin and norepinephrine) reticular projections

35
Q

RF maintains consciousness with the _____

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

36
Q

chemicals in the BS

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

37
Q

chemical in the hypothalamus

A

histamine containing neurons

38
Q

chemical in the telencephalon

A

acetylcholine

39
Q

noradrenergic neurons in the:

A

medulla and rostral pons

40
Q

noradrenergic neurons in the medulla are in the ____ for _____ and in the ____ for _____

A

solitary nucleus; memory enhancement; ventrolateral medulla; pain regulation to the spinal cord

41
Q

noradrenergic neurons in the rostral pons are in _____, which has projections to the cortex for _____

A

locus ceruleus; arousal/vigilance and attention

42
Q

descending NE fibers to _____ and ascending NE fibers to _____

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord; all areas of cortex

43
Q

clinical depression caused by:

A

decreased levels of NE; locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced

44
Q

____ patients often suffer from depression bc locus ceruleus neurons are lost

A

parkinson’s disease

45
Q

panic disorder caused by:

A

increased levels of norepinephrine

46
Q

dopaminergic neurons in the _____

A

midbrain

47
Q

dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain are in _____ and ______

A

substantia nigra (putamen and caudate); ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

48
Q

2 components of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic projections

A

mesocortical fibers- organized thinking and planning; heavy projections to cortex
mesolimbis fibers- projections to amygdala, nucleus accumbens; emotional reward, drug dependency

49
Q

low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex causes:

A

social withdrawal (in schizophrenia)

50
Q

high levels of dopamine in the limbic system causes:

A

hallucinations

51
Q

drugs that ____ the level of dopamine are effective in reducing hallucinations

A

lower

52
Q

serotonergic neurons located in pretty much all BS levels in _____

A

raphe

53
Q

midbrain raphe nuclei to:

A

all regions of cortex

54
Q

medullary raphe nuclei to:

A

spinal cord for pain suppression

55
Q

low levels of serotonin characterized by

A
  • high carb consumption

- binge eating

56
Q

high levels of serotonin characterized by:

A

compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

57
Q

drugs that increase levels of serotonin used to treat:

A

depression and anxiety

Anatomy II Unit 1 (11 decks)

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