Neuro Lecture 2 Flashcards
two types of encapsulated receptors in muscles are:
muscle spindles- detect muscle length
golgi tendon organs- detect muscle tension
what is a dermatome?
an area of the skin supplied by nerves of a single spinal root
the posterior intermediate sulcus is in ___ and ____ levels; partially divides the posterior funiculi
cervical; thoracic
posterior intermediate sulcus is only found in spinal cord levels above ____
T6
____ is in lamina II of the posterior horn of the spinal cord and is important in pain
substantia gelatinosa
____ and _____ relay sensory signals
lamina I and lamina V
what happens if lower motor neurons or alpha motor neurons are injured?
flaccid paralysis, limp weak muscles, muscle atrophies
axial muscles are innervated from ____ clusters of alpha motor neurons
medial
limb muscles are innervated from ____ clusters of alpha neurons
lateral
two specialized columns in anterior horn at cervical levels
spinal accessory nucleus and phrenic nucleus
spinal accessory nucleus spans from ____ to ____ and forms the accessory nerve
caudal medulla to C5
phrenic nucleus which innervates the ____ is located in _____; makes cervical cord injury serious bc pt cannot breathe
diaphragm; C3-C5
preganglionic sympathetic neurons all located in _____; most are located in the _____ cell column, which is a lateral extension of gray matter
T1-L3; intermediolateral
axons from the intermediolateral cell column leave the spinal cord through _____
ventral roots
sacral parasympathetic nuclei are in ____ of the spinal cord; leave the cord through ____ and supply pelvic viscera
S2-S4
clarke’s nucleus is a collection of neurons on the ____ surface of the intermediate gray matter from ____
medial; T1-L2
clarke’s nucleus is a relay nucleus for transmission of information to the ____ and contains proprioceptive information from the ____
cerebellum; leg
tract of spinal cord regression during development
filum terminale
conus medullaris extends to the ____ interspace
L1-L2
the filum terminale consists of ___ and ____ that extend from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
pia; arachnoid
cauda equina consists of ___ and _____ and occupies the lumbar cistern
dorsal and ventral roots
____ stabilize the spinal cord laterally and consist of ____ extensions
denticulate ligaments; pia-arachnoid
filum terminale is a ___ extension that anchors conus medullaris to the end of the ___ and then to the ____
pial; dural sheath; coccyx
layers from outside to inside of spinal cord
epidural space- contains venous plexus
dura mater- outermost covering
arachnoid- forms layer under the dura
subarachnoid space- between the arachnoid and pia; contains trabeculae and CSF
pia mater- intimate with cord; forms denticulate ligaments
all reflexes involve interneurons except the _____ because it is a ____ reflex
stretch reflex; monosynaptic
acetylcholine is used in which synapses?
acetylcholine is used in both parasympathetic synapses and the 1st sympathetic synapse
____ is used in the 2nd sympathetic synapse, EXCEPT for _____
norepinephrine; sweat glands (which use acetylcholine)
preganglionic sympathetics from intermediolateral cell column of T1-L2/3 travel in spinal nerve to ____, _____, or the _____
sympathetic chain; prevertebral ganglia; adrenal gland
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the ____ and _____
brainstem; sacral spinal cord
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in which brainstem nuclei?
CN III, VII, IX, and X
preganglionic parasympathetics travel in ____ and ____ nerves and go to _____
cranial; sacral; thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera
CN III course
EW nucleus (midbrain) –> ciliary ganglion –> pupillary constrictor muscle (accommodation for near vision)
CN VII course
superior salivary nucleus (pons) –> pterygopalatine ganglion –> lacrimal gland
superior salivatory nucleus –> submandibular ganglion –> submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
CN IX course
inferior salivatory nucleus (medulla) –> otic ganglion –> parotid salivatory gland (produces thin, watery mucous)
CN X course
DMNX (medulla) --> wall of GI tract/gut derivatives (increases gut peristalsis/gastric secretion) nucleus ambiguus (medulla) --> wall of the heart (reduces heart rate/blood pressure)
vagus n. innervates viscera from:
thorax to transverse colon
S2-4 parasympathetics innervate viscera from:
transverse colon to rectum; includes bladder, uterus, etc.
preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in the sacral spinal cord are located in the ____ horn and exit through the ____; course within _____
lateral; ventral root; pelvic splanchnic nerves
postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach the head via ____ and ____
superior cervical ganglion; carotid plexus
