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Anatomy II Unit 1 > Histo Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Histo Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of cells found in nervous tissue

A
  1. nerve cells or neurons

2. neuroglia, glia, or supporting cells

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2
Q

special characteristics of neurons

A
  1. extreme longevity
  2. most are amitotic
  3. high metabolic rate
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3
Q

neurons are made up of ____ and ____

A
  1. neuron cell body (perikaryon)

2. processes: dendrite(s) or axon (nerve fiber)

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4
Q

biosynthetic center of a neuron

A

neuron cell body (perikaryon)

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5
Q

Rough ER and ribosomes in the perikaryon create ____- darkened areas within the cytoplasm which can be readily seen with a hematoxylin stain

A

Nissl bodies

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6
Q

the perikaryon is always ____ and has no ____

A

unmyelinated; action potentials (nerve impulses)

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7
Q

main receptive or main input region of a neuron

A

dendrite

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8
Q

many organelles in the cell body extend into the dendrites, except ____

A

the golgi apparatus

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9
Q

conducting region of a neuron; it can generate action potentials (nerve impulses) and transmit them; can be myelinated

A

axon (nerve fiber)

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10
Q

a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other cell parts (i.e. organelles) to and from a neuron’s cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon

A

axonal transport

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11
Q

movement toward the synapse or down the axon toward the axon terminal (i.e. of a neurotransmitter) is _____

A

anterograde transport

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12
Q

movement toward the cell body

A

retrograde transport

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13
Q

types of neurons based on structure (number of processes connected to cell body)

A
  1. multipolar - 3 or more processes
  2. bipolar - 2 processes
  3. unipolar - 1 process
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14
Q

types of neurons based on function (impulse’s direction of travel relative to CNS)

A
  1. sensory of afferent (toward CNS)
  2. motor or efferent (away from CNS)
  3. interneurons or associations neurons (found betw sensory and motor neurons)
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15
Q

most abundant type of neuron, major neuron type in the CNS

A

multipolar

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16
Q

rare neuron found in some special sensory organs (olfactory mucosa, eye)

A

bipolar

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17
Q

found mainly in PNS; common only in DRG of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

A

unipolar neurons

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18
Q

multipolar neurons can be ____ or _____

A

motor (efferent); interneurons (association) neurons that conduct impulses within the CNS

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19
Q

unipolar neurons are ____ neurons that conduct impulses along ____ pathways to the CNS for interpretation; deal with ____ info from the skin or muscles

A

sensory; afferent; somatic afferent

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20
Q

transmission of info from neuron to neuron or neuron to effector organ

A

synapse

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21
Q

classification of synapses based on which neuronal components are involved

A
  1. axodendritic - axon terminal and dendrite
  2. axosomatic- axon terminal and cell body
  3. axoaxonic synapse- between axons
  4. dendrodendritic- between dendrites
  5. dendrosomatic- between dendrite and cell body
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22
Q

neuron carrying impulse/signal toward synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

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23
Q

neuron carrying impulse/signal away from synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron (effector cell)

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24
Q

2 types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

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25
Q

chemical synapses have a synaptic cleft of ____ nm

A

20-50

26
Q

in chemical synapses, depolarization causes ____ to open

A

voltage-gated Ca channels

27
Q

chemical synapse: Ca signals for release of nt (stored in synaptic vesicles) via ____ into the _____

A

exocytosis; synaptic cleft

28
Q

chemical synapse: NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to NT receptors at _____; each receptor is part of a ____

A

postsynaptic membrane; ligand-gated channel

29
Q

chemical synapse: binding of the NT opens associated ligand-gated channels, allowing _____ to flow across ____

A

ions; post-synaptic membrane

30
Q

the flow of ions in a chemical synapse produces local changes in membrane potential called the _____, a type of ____ potential (depolarizing or hyperpolarizing)

A

postsynaptic potential; graded

31
Q

a typical chemical synapse contains a _____, a ____, and a _____

A

presynaptic knob (synaptic end bulb or presynaptic axon terminal); synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

32
Q

examples of neurotransmitters in a chemical synapse

A

ACh, biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, ATP, dissolved gases (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide)

33
Q

3 ways the nt can be removed from the postsynaptic receptor

A
  1. degradation by enzymes
  2. reuptake by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal
  3. diffusion away from synapse
34
Q

types of neuroglia

A

astrocyte, microglial cell, ependymal cell, oligodendrocyte (all in CNS)
schwann cells and satellite cells (in PNS)

35
Q

produce myelin sheaths in the CNS, providing electrical insulation to axons; the prominent neuroglia in white matter

A

oligodendrocytes

36
Q

the largest of the neuroglia; can be found in either white or gray matter- majority in gray matter

A

astrocytes

37
Q

astrocytes are connected to one another through ____

A

gap junctions

38
Q

astrocytes control the ionic environment around neurons by regulating ____ concentration

A

potassium

39
Q

astrocytes have ____ that contribute to the BBB

A

perivascular feet

40
Q

neuroglia cell that lines spaces in the brain and spinal cord (ventricles, central canal, etc.)

A

ependymal cells

41
Q

ependymal cells have ____ that extend into spaces with CSF; helps the CSF move and flow; help to make up the choroid plexus that produces CSF

A

cilia

42
Q

neuroglia that is less numerous than oligodendrocytes and astrocytes; have elongated nuclei

A

microglia

43
Q

microglia originate from ____ and enter CNS during development

A

blood monocytes (bone marrow)

44
Q

microglia are part of immune system- look like ____ when activated; proliferate and act as ____ cells

A

macrophages; antigen-presenting

45
Q

schwann cells also called _____

A

neurolemmocytes

46
Q

difference between oligiodendrocytes and schwann cells

A

one schwann cell produces one myelin sheath or internodal segment and one oligodendrocyte can produce many sheaths

47
Q

cells found in the PNS surrounding cell bodies in ganglia; have a supportive role, most likely having to do with metabolic exchange or structural support

A

satellite cells

48
Q

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in PNS/CNS

A

PNS: ganglion
CNS: nucleus

49
Q

bundle of neuronal axons in PNS/CNS

A

PNS: nerve
CNS: tract

50
Q

a nerve contains:

A
  1. neuron processes (i.e. axons)
  2. schwann cells
  3. connective tissue
  4. blood vessels
  5. lymphatic vessels
51
Q

connective tissue coverings associated with nerves:

A
  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium (forms fascicles)
  3. epineurium
52
Q

nerves classified by what direction they are transmitting their impulses

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. motor (efferent)
  3. mixed- both sensory and motor fibers; most common
53
Q

nerves can also be classified as:

A
  1. cranial- originate/arise at brain- 12 pairs

2. spinal- originate/arise at spinal cord- 31 pairs

54
Q

schwann cells associated with unmyelinated axons for a ____ role for ____ support

A

supportive; structural

55
Q

function of myelin sheaths

A
  1. protect and electrically insulate axons from other axons

2. increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

56
Q

the nucleus, cytoplasm, and last layer of plasma membrane make up the _____ of the schwann cell

A

neurilemma

57
Q

rate of impulse propagation depends on:

A
  1. axon diameter

2. myelination

58
Q

the larger tha axon diameter, the ____

A

faster the action potential

59
Q

unmyelinated axons produce ____ conduction

A

continuous

60
Q

myelinated axons produce ____ conduction

A

saltatory

Anatomy II Unit 1 (11 decks)

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