Neuro General Flashcards
Neural tube defects are associated with what maternal conditions and what levels can be detected in the amniotic fluid
Associated with maternal diabetes and low folic acidInc AFP in amniotic fluid (and maternal serum)Inc Acetylcholinesterase in ambnniotic fluid (note no inc in AFP in spina bifida occulta)
During what wweeks of development does holoprosencephaly occur and what gene/defects is it associated with
filure of hemisphers to seperate usually during weeks 5- 6possibly due to mutations in sonic hedgehog (also patau and fetal alchohol syndrome)can be seen with cleft lip or palate or cyclopia
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 1 maolformation
hernation of cerebellar tonsisl; manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms, associated with spinal cavitations (sytingomyelia)
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 2 maolformations
herniation of vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalususually assoc with LUMBOSACRAL meningomyeloceleparalysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion
What symptoms are associated with a Dandy walkder
agenesis of vermis with cysteic enlargement of the 4th ventricalassociated with non communicating hydrocephalus and SPINA BIFIDA
What symptoms are associated with a syringomyelia
cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensataion in upper extremities due to compression of fibers crossing in anterior white commisure (spinothalamic)
What type of sensation is preserved in syringomyelia
fine touch sensation
What are the muscles and their actions that control the tongue
hyoglossus: retracts and depressesGenioglosssus: protrudesStyoglosssus: draws sides of tongue upward to make trough for swallowingpalatoglosssus elevates posterior tongue during swallowing
what is the innervation to the muscles of the tongue
Hyo,genio, styloglossus: CN XIIPalatoglossus: CN X
WHich parts of a neuron will be viewed with nissl staining
dendrites and cell body (not the axon)Stains RER
What is wallerian degeneration
degenreation of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
astrocytes create what type of buffer
glycogen fuel reserve buffer and extracellular buffer
if there is neural injury what cell responds to form reactive gliosis
astrocyte (marked by GFAP
Are microglia discernible by nissl stain
no
Name 3 conditions that damage oligodendrocytes
MS, PML, Leukodystrophies
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: slow unmyelinated fibers2:Large myleinated fibers; adapt quickly3:Fast myelinated fibers4: large mylinated fibers adapt quickly5: large mylinated fibers adapt slowly6:dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
1: C free nerve endigs2:Meissner corpuscles3: Ad free nerve endings4: pacinian corpuscles5: Merkel disks6: Ruffini corpuscles
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: all skin epidermis some viscera2:Deep skin, ligaments, joiints3:finger tips superficial skin4:Glabrous skin (hairless)5:Finger tips, joints
1: Free nerve endings2: Pacinian3: merkel4: Meissner5: RUffini
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
Thirst and water balanceAdenohypophysis (ant pit) controlNeutohypophysis (posterior pituitaryHunger regulationAutonomic nervous regulationTemperature regulationSexual urgesTAN HATS
What is the function of the lateral area of the hypothalamuss (what happens if its destroyed)
HungerIf destroyed: anorexia, failure to thrive (zap your lateral and you grow lateral)Stimulated by: ghrelininhibited by leptin
What is the function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Satiety. If destroyed: hyperphagia (zap your vm and you grow ventral and medial)Stimulated by leptin
What is the function of the anterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
cooling, pArAsympathetic (anterior cooling=A/C)destroyed hot
What is the function of the posterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Heating, sympathetic (if you zlap that hot posterior things are probably gonna cool down between you)
What is the function of the suprchiasmatic nucleus area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
circadian rhythm
What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Synthesize ADH adh oxytocin(carried by neurophysins down axons to the posterior pituitary)
A chraniopharyngioma is likely to damage which hypothalamic nuclei
ventromedial( see hyperphagia)
What gives input to the hypothalamus
areas not protected by the blood brain barrierOVLT (osmolarity)Area postrema (in medulla responds to emetics)
Where are each of the meninges derived
Dura: mesodermArach: neural crestPia: neural crest
Where are each of the meninges derived
Dura: mesodermArach: neural crestPia: neural crest
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: anxiety
Dec GABA from Nucleus accumbensInc NE from Locus ceruleusDec Serotonin from Raphe nucleus
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Depression
Dec Dopamine from Ventral tegmentum/SNDec NE from Locus ceruleusDec Serotonin from Raphe nucleus
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Schizophrenia
Inc dopamine from ventral tegmentum/SN
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: alzheimers
Dec Ach from Basal nucleus of Meynert
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Huntingtons
Dec Ach from basal nucleus of MeynertInc Dopamine from Ventral tegmentum/SNDec GABA from Nucleus accumbens
What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Parkinsons
Inc ach from basal nucleus of meynertDec dopamine from ventral tegmentum/SNDec serotonin from raphe nucleus
What lining has to be reattached in microsurgery for limb attachment
perineurium (blood nerve permeability barrier)
Where is the inflammatory infiltrate in guillain barre synndrome found
endoneurium
extraocular movements occur during what phase of sleep due to what
REM sleep due to activity of PPRF
Where are sleep spindles and K complexes seen
Stage 2 sleep
What is given for sleep walking and night terrors
benzodiazepinesdecrease N3 and rem sleep
What is given for Sleeep enureis
Oral desmopression or imipramine (imip dec n3) thougyh motivational therapy is still first line for bedwetting in kids
What is the role of the thalamus
major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction
What is the effect of Depression on REM sleep
Inc total REM Dec REM latency
Alchohol, benzos, and barbs are assoc with what with regards to rem and delta sleep
Dec rem and delta (NE also dec rem sleep)
When does bruxism occur
Stage 2 sleep
Describe the effect on O2 use, Pulse, BP, and Ach when in rem sleep
Inc brain o2 use, and inc pulse bp and ach
Which med classes are used to treat chemo induced vomitting vs hyperemesis gravidarum cs motion sickness
Chemo: 5HT3, D2, NK1 antagonistsHG and Motion: M1 and H1 antagonists
the vomitting centere is coordinated by which nucleus and recieves information from which 4 areas
nucleus tractus solitarius in the medullaFrom: CTZ in the area postrema of the 4th, GI tract via vagus, vestibular system, CNS
