Neuro General Flashcards
Neural tube defects are associated with what maternal conditions and what levels can be detected in the amniotic fluid
Associated with maternal diabetes and low folic acidInc AFP in amniotic fluid (and maternal serum)Inc Acetylcholinesterase in ambnniotic fluid (note no inc in AFP in spina bifida occulta)
During what wweeks of development does holoprosencephaly occur and what gene/defects is it associated with
filure of hemisphers to seperate usually during weeks 5- 6possibly due to mutations in sonic hedgehog (also patau and fetal alchohol syndrome)can be seen with cleft lip or palate or cyclopia
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 1 maolformation
hernation of cerebellar tonsisl; manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms, associated with spinal cavitations (sytingomyelia)
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 2 maolformations
herniation of vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalususually assoc with LUMBOSACRAL meningomyeloceleparalysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion
What symptoms are associated with a Dandy walkder
agenesis of vermis with cysteic enlargement of the 4th ventricalassociated with non communicating hydrocephalus and SPINA BIFIDA
What symptoms are associated with a syringomyelia
cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensataion in upper extremities due to compression of fibers crossing in anterior white commisure (spinothalamic)
What type of sensation is preserved in syringomyelia
fine touch sensation
What are the muscles and their actions that control the tongue
hyoglossus: retracts and depressesGenioglosssus: protrudesStyoglosssus: draws sides of tongue upward to make trough for swallowingpalatoglosssus elevates posterior tongue during swallowing
what is the innervation to the muscles of the tongue
Hyo,genio, styloglossus: CN XIIPalatoglossus: CN X
WHich parts of a neuron will be viewed with nissl staining
dendrites and cell body (not the axon)Stains RER
What is wallerian degeneration
degenreation of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
astrocytes create what type of buffer
glycogen fuel reserve buffer and extracellular buffer
if there is neural injury what cell responds to form reactive gliosis
astrocyte (marked by GFAP
Are microglia discernible by nissl stain
no
Name 3 conditions that damage oligodendrocytes
MS, PML, Leukodystrophies
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: slow unmyelinated fibers2:Large myleinated fibers; adapt quickly3:Fast myelinated fibers4: large mylinated fibers adapt quickly5: large mylinated fibers adapt slowly6:dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
1: C free nerve endigs2:Meissner corpuscles3: Ad free nerve endings4: pacinian corpuscles5: Merkel disks6: Ruffini corpuscles
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: all skin epidermis some viscera2:Deep skin, ligaments, joiints3:finger tips superficial skin4:Glabrous skin (hairless)5:Finger tips, joints
1: Free nerve endings2: Pacinian3: merkel4: Meissner5: RUffini
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
Thirst and water balanceAdenohypophysis (ant pit) controlNeutohypophysis (posterior pituitaryHunger regulationAutonomic nervous regulationTemperature regulationSexual urgesTAN HATS
What is the function of the lateral area of the hypothalamuss (what happens if its destroyed)
HungerIf destroyed: anorexia, failure to thrive (zap your lateral and you grow lateral)Stimulated by: ghrelininhibited by leptin
What is the function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Satiety. If destroyed: hyperphagia (zap your vm and you grow ventral and medial)Stimulated by leptin
What is the function of the anterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
cooling, pArAsympathetic (anterior cooling=A/C)destroyed hot
What is the function of the posterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Heating, sympathetic (if you zlap that hot posterior things are probably gonna cool down between you)
What is the function of the suprchiasmatic nucleus area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
circadian rhythm
What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Synthesize ADH adh oxytocin(carried by neurophysins down axons to the posterior pituitary)
