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-Neuro > Neuro General > Flashcards

Neuro General Flashcards

1
Q

Neural tube defects are associated with what maternal conditions and what levels can be detected in the amniotic fluid

A

Associated with maternal diabetes and low folic acidInc AFP in amniotic fluid (and maternal serum)Inc Acetylcholinesterase in ambnniotic fluid (note no inc in AFP in spina bifida occulta)

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2
Q

During what wweeks of development does holoprosencephaly occur and what gene/defects is it associated with

A

filure of hemisphers to seperate usually during weeks 5- 6possibly due to mutations in sonic hedgehog (also patau and fetal alchohol syndrome)can be seen with cleft lip or palate or cyclopia

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3
Q

What symptoms are associated with a chiari 1 maolformation

A

hernation of cerebellar tonsisl; manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms, associated with spinal cavitations (sytingomyelia)

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4
Q

What symptoms are associated with a chiari 2 maolformations

A

herniation of vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalususually assoc with LUMBOSACRAL meningomyeloceleparalysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion

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5
Q

What symptoms are associated with a Dandy walkder

A

agenesis of vermis with cysteic enlargement of the 4th ventricalassociated with non communicating hydrocephalus and SPINA BIFIDA

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6
Q

What symptoms are associated with a syringomyelia

A

cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensataion in upper extremities due to compression of fibers crossing in anterior white commisure (spinothalamic)

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7
Q

What type of sensation is preserved in syringomyelia

A

fine touch sensation

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8
Q

What are the muscles and their actions that control the tongue

A

hyoglossus: retracts and depressesGenioglosssus: protrudesStyoglosssus: draws sides of tongue upward to make trough for swallowingpalatoglosssus elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

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9
Q

what is the innervation to the muscles of the tongue

A

Hyo,genio, styloglossus: CN XIIPalatoglossus: CN X

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10
Q

WHich parts of a neuron will be viewed with nissl staining

A

dendrites and cell body (not the axon)Stains RER

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11
Q

What is wallerian degeneration

A

degenreation of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally

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12
Q

astrocytes create what type of buffer

A

glycogen fuel reserve buffer and extracellular buffer

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13
Q

if there is neural injury what cell responds to form reactive gliosis

A

astrocyte (marked by GFAP

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14
Q

Are microglia discernible by nissl stain

A

no

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15
Q

Name 3 conditions that damage oligodendrocytes

A

MS, PML, Leukodystrophies

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16
Q

Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: slow unmyelinated fibers2:Large myleinated fibers; adapt quickly3:Fast myelinated fibers4: large mylinated fibers adapt quickly5: large mylinated fibers adapt slowly6:dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly

A

1: C free nerve endigs2:Meissner corpuscles3: Ad free nerve endings4: pacinian corpuscles5: Merkel disks6: Ruffini corpuscles

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17
Q

Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:1: all skin epidermis some viscera2:Deep skin, ligaments, joiints3:finger tips superficial skin4:Glabrous skin (hairless)5:Finger tips, joints

A

1: Free nerve endings2: Pacinian3: merkel4: Meissner5: RUffini

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18
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Thirst and water balanceAdenohypophysis (ant pit) controlNeutohypophysis (posterior pituitaryHunger regulationAutonomic nervous regulationTemperature regulationSexual urgesTAN HATS

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19
Q

What is the function of the lateral area of the hypothalamuss (what happens if its destroyed)

A

HungerIf destroyed: anorexia, failure to thrive (zap your lateral and you grow lateral)Stimulated by: ghrelininhibited by leptin

20
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)

A

Satiety. If destroyed: hyperphagia (zap your vm and you grow ventral and medial)Stimulated by leptin

21
Q

What is the function of the anterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)

A

cooling, pArAsympathetic (anterior cooling=A/C)destroyed hot

22
Q

What is the function of the posterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)

A

Heating, sympathetic (if you zlap that hot posterior things are probably gonna cool down between you)

23
Q

What is the function of the suprchiasmatic nucleus area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)

A

circadian rhythm

24
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)

A

Synthesize ADH adh oxytocin(carried by neurophysins down axons to the posterior pituitary)

25
Q

A chraniopharyngioma is likely to damage which hypothalamic nuclei

A

ventromedial( see hyperphagia)

26
Q

What gives input to the hypothalamus

A

areas not protected by the blood brain barrierOVLT (osmolarity)Area postrema (in medulla responds to emetics)

27
Q

Where are each of the meninges derived

A

Dura: mesodermArach: neural crestPia: neural crest

28
Q

Where are each of the meninges derived

A

Dura: mesodermArach: neural crestPia: neural crest

29
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: anxiety

A

Dec GABA from Nucleus accumbensInc NE from Locus ceruleusDec Serotonin from Raphe nucleus

30
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Depression

A

Dec Dopamine from Ventral tegmentum/SNDec NE from Locus ceruleusDec Serotonin from Raphe nucleus

31
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Schizophrenia

A

Inc dopamine from ventral tegmentum/SN

32
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: alzheimers

A

Dec Ach from Basal nucleus of Meynert

33
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Huntingtons

A

Dec Ach from basal nucleus of MeynertInc Dopamine from Ventral tegmentum/SNDec GABA from Nucleus accumbens

34
Q

What Neurotransmitter changes/locations would be seen in: Parkinsons

A

Inc ach from basal nucleus of meynertDec dopamine from ventral tegmentum/SNDec serotonin from raphe nucleus

35
Q

What lining has to be reattached in microsurgery for limb attachment

A

perineurium (blood nerve permeability barrier)

36
Q

Where is the inflammatory infiltrate in guillain barre synndrome found

A

endoneurium

37
Q

extraocular movements occur during what phase of sleep due to what

A

REM sleep due to activity of PPRF

38
Q

Where are sleep spindles and K complexes seen

A

Stage 2 sleep

39
Q

What is given for sleep walking and night terrors

A

benzodiazepinesdecrease N3 and rem sleep

40
Q

What is given for Sleeep enureis

A

Oral desmopression or imipramine (imip dec n3) thougyh motivational therapy is still first line for bedwetting in kids

41
Q

What is the role of the thalamus

A

major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

42
Q

What is the effect of Depression on REM sleep

A

Inc total REM Dec REM latency

43
Q

Alchohol, benzos, and barbs are assoc with what with regards to rem and delta sleep

A

Dec rem and delta (NE also dec rem sleep)

44
Q

When does bruxism occur

A

Stage 2 sleep

45
Q

Describe the effect on O2 use, Pulse, BP, and Ach when in rem sleep

A

Inc brain o2 use, and inc pulse bp and ach

46
Q

Which med classes are used to treat chemo induced vomitting vs hyperemesis gravidarum cs motion sickness

A

Chemo: 5HT3, D2, NK1 antagonistsHG and Motion: M1 and H1 antagonists

47
Q

the vomitting centere is coordinated by which nucleus and recieves information from which 4 areas

A

nucleus tractus solitarius in the medullaFrom: CTZ in the area postrema of the 4th, GI tract via vagus, vestibular system, CNS

-Neuro (16 decks)

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