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Histology > Neuro F-notes > Flashcards

Neuro F-notes Flashcards

1
Q

Which Funiculus contains only Ascending Sensory fibers?

A

Posterior Funiculus

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2
Q

Fasciculus Proprius

A

Interphase between white and grey matter

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3
Q

Somatotopic Organization of Ascending & Descending Fibers in white matter

A
  • Post. Funiculus: Long fibers deeper than short (due to invagination)
  • Ant/Lat. Funiculi: Short fibers deeper than long
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4
Q

Dopamine Neuron and Pathway

A
  • Ventral Tegmental Area & Substantia Nigra
  • Nigrostriatal Pathway
  • Parkinson’s & Schizophrenia
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5
Q

Norepinephrine Neuron and Pathway

A
  • Locus Ceroleus
  • Sympathetic Nervous system
  • Low = ADHD
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6
Q

Serotonin Neuron and Pathway

A
  • Raphe Nucleus
  • Main monaminergic NT
  • Low = Depression
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7
Q

Adrenaline Neuron and Pathway

A
  • Dorsomedialis & Ventrolateralis Medulla
  • FIght-or-flight response
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8
Q

Acetylcholine Neuron and Pathway

A
  • Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
  • Autonomic Systems
  • Low = Alzheimer’s
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9
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

A
  • Arousal Center in terms of Wakefulness
  • Fibers ascend to excite cortex
  • NE, Serotonin, ACh
  • Spinoreticular Tract
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10
Q

Out of all input to CNS how much is Visceral info?

A

Only 10%

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11
Q

Sympathetic viscerosensory Afferent Limb

A

1) Central process carries info to ipsilat. spinal cord lamina I
2) Goes to CONTRALATERAL side of lateral spinothalamic tract T1-L2
3) Partially to VPM
4) Gives collateral branches to medulla in RF
5) Info projects to post. insular cortex
(internal body information)

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12
Q

Parasympathetic viscerosensory Afferent Limb SACRAL

A

1) Central process carries info to ipsilat. spinal cord lamina I
2) Goes to IPSILATERAL side of lateral spinothalamic tract in S2-S4
3) Partially to VPL
4) Gives collateral to medulla in RF
5) Info projects to post. insular cortex
(internal body information)

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13
Q

Parasympathetic viscerosensory Afferent Limb CRANIAL

A

1) Viscerosensory fibers from CN7, 9, 10.
2) Trigeminothalamic Tract
3) VPM
4) Post. Insular cortex

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14
Q

Spinoreticulothalamic tract

A

1) DRG to contralateral ascending in spinothalamic tract
2) Collaterals to RF, to Parabrachial and Periaquiductal Grey
3) Rest go to interlaminar, M/V/D thalamic nuclei
4) Thalamus to Post. insula, ant. cingulate, & secondary sensory cortex

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15
Q

Solitary Nucleus

A

Brainstem center for Viscerosensory afferentation
- Solitary tract nucleus (thalamic relay)
- Gustatory nucleus (CN7,9,10)
- Baroreceptor nucleus (CN9)
- Dorsal respiratory nucleus (insp.)

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16
Q

Prefrontal Cortices

A
  • Most multimodal area of Brain
  • Decision-making and Emotional regulation
  • Dorsolateral PFC, attention & working-memory, even pain perception
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17
Q

Main types of Nociceptors

A
  • A-delta Neurons
  • C-Neurons
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18
Q

1st Neuron of Nociception regions

A
  • Body: DRG
  • Face: Trigeminal Sensory ggl.
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19
Q

2nd Neuron of Nociception regions

A
  • Body: Dorsal Horn
  • Face: Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
    (ventral trigeminothalamic tract)
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20
Q

A-delta Neurons

A

Nociceptor
- Thin myelin sheath
- Faster than C-fibers
- Sharp pain

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21
Q

C-Neurons

A

Nociceptor
- Non-myelinated
- Conducts with delay
- Prolonged burning/pain

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22
Q

What tract is similar to the spinothalamic but gives branches to RF?

A

Spinoreticular Tract

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23
Q

Spinohypothalamic Tract

A
  • Highest autonomic center for homeostasis (hypothalamus)
  • Nociceptive stim. reach here through RF
  • Pain = more symp, less parasymp.
  • CRH released, ACTH inc., Cortisol inc.
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24
Q

Visceral Motor Cortex

A
  • Anterior part of Cingulate Gyrus
  • Direct connection with visceral sensory cortex (post. insula)
  • Projects to amygdala, hypothalamus, PAG, RF, Dorsal vagal N. (brainstem)
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25
Q

Micturition Control

A
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex
  • Periaqueductal Grey (PAG)
  • Pontine centers (storage & mict)
26
Q

Continence & Innervation

A

Pontine Storage Center
- Sympathetic, Hypogastric Nerve, keeps detrussor m. relaxed and internal urethral sphincter closed.
- Onuf’s Nucleus, Ventral horn S2-S4, controls ext. urethral sphincter (voluntary)

27
Q

Micturition & Innervation

A

Pontine Micturition Center
- Sensed by stretch sent to PAG
- Inhibited sympathetic path
- Inhibited Onuf’s nucleus
- Activated parasympathetic path

28
Q

Schultze’s Comma tract spinal region

A

Cervical

29
Q

Flechsig’s oval field spinal region

A

Lumbar

30
Q

Philippe-Gombault’s trigone spinal region

A

Sacral

31
Q

Execution of speech

A

1) Auditory pathway to Wernicke’s sensory speech center (Br.22)
2) Then to Brocca’s speech area (br.44/45)
3) Motor cortex (Br4) for muscles involved in production of speech (larynx)

32
Q

Kinetic receptors in Vestibule

A

In Ampullary Crest for detecting angular acceleration

33
Q

Static receptors in Vestibbule

A

In Macula for linear acceleration and gravity

34
Q

Info transmitted from Vestibular nerve

A
  • Lat. Vestibulospinal tract to motor neurons
  • Vestibulocerebellar tract to Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum
  • Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ipsi/Contra Occulomotor nuclei
35
Q

What Nucleus controls Horizontal Vestibulocular movements

A
  • Abducens Nucleus
  • Oculomotor Nucleus
    (med/lat rectus)
36
Q

What Nucleus controls Vertical Vestibulocular movements

A
  • Trochlear Nucleus
    (sup. oblique)
37
Q

Visual tracts outside of LGB

A
  • Retinothalamic tract (circadian)
  • Tectum
  • Superior colliculus
38
Q

Neuroanatomy of Reading and Understanding

A

1) Primary visual cortex
2) Decoding in post/inf temporal
3) Storage in angular gyrus
4) Making sense, prefrontal

39
Q

Hippocampus main role

A

Converts recent memories to long term memories

40
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Almond shaped nucleus
  • Major Emotional processing
  • Corticomedial & Basolateral Nuclei
41
Q

Parts of Limbic system

A
  • Limbic lobe (CG / PHCG)
  • Dentate gyrus (afferent)
  • Subiculum
  • Hipocamp. Propper
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Septal Area & Habenula
42
Q

Fornix

A

Connect Hippocampus to:
- Hypothalamus
- Septal Area
(memory)

43
Q

Stria Medularis Thalami

A

Connects:
- Septal Area
- Habenula

44
Q

Mamillothalamic Tract

A

Connects:
- Mamillary Bodies
- Anterior Nuc. of Thalamus

45
Q

Limbic System Olfaction

A

1) Olfactory Bulb to Tract
2) Lat. Olfactory Stria
3) PHCG & Amygdala

46
Q

Limbic System Memory & Learning

A

Hippocampus, Fronix, Mamillary Bodies, Mamillothalamic Tract, Ant. Nucleus of Thalamus, Cingulate Gyrus, finally Parahippocampal Gyrus to Dentate Gyrus via Entorhinal cortex (and repeats)

47
Q

Limbic System Feeding

A

Amygdala signals Hypothalamus:
- Ventromedial Nuc: Satiety
- Lat. Hypoth. Nuc: Hunger

48
Q

How does Light Effect Circadian Rhythm?

A
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
  • Retinohypothalamic Tract
  • Melanopsin Pigment and Glutamate signal
  • SCN signals PVN for ACTH for Cortisol & Intermediolateral symp.
  • Pineal Gland: Melatonin
49
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • EEG low amplitude & high freq. looks like awake
  • HR, BP, breathing increase
  • Inh. of Trunk muscles
50
Q

What controls REM sleep?

A

aCh Neurons in:
- Peduncolopontine Tegmental Nuc.
- Laterodorsal Tegmental Neurons

51
Q

Resting State

A

Brain is active but not focused on any specific task (daydreaming / resting)

52
Q

3 Major brain Networks in Resting state

A
  • Default Mode Network (thinking about yourself, memories)
  • Central Executive Network (problem-solving)
  • Salience Network (stimuli response)
53
Q

Motivation amygdala connections

A
  • Septal Area (stria terminalis)
  • Hypothalamus (Vent. amygdalofugal pathyway)
54
Q

Motivation Dopamine

A

Septal Area & Hypoth. communicate with Ventral Tegmental Area for DOPAMINE
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Prefrontal Cortex
REWARD

55
Q

Motivation Mesolimbic Path

A

VTA dopamine to Nucleus Accumbens

56
Q

Motivation Mesocortical Path

A

VTA dopamine to Prefrontal Cortex

57
Q

Fear Pathway

A

Amygdala signals 2 Hypothalamic Nuclei
- Post. Hypoth. Nucleus
- Paraventricular Nucleus

58
Q

Fear Pathway Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus

A
  • Hypothalamospinal Tract
  • Preganglionic Neurons in thoracic/lumbar sympathtic
  • HR, BP, Breathing (auto)
59
Q

Fear Pathway PVN

A
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (PVN)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Pituitary)
  • Cortisol (adrenal gland)
60
Q

Otic Ganglion (CN IX)

A

1) From Inf. Salivatory Nucleus
2) Pre-ggl Parasymp: Lesser Petrosal
Pre-ggl Symp: External Carotid Plexus
3) Post-ggl: Auriculotemporal nerve
(e.g. parotid gland)

61
Q

Submandibular Ganglion (CN VII)

A

1) From Sup. Salivatory Nucleus
2) Pre-ggl Parasymp: Chorda Tympani
Pre-ggl Symp: External Carotid Plexus
3) Post-ggl: Lingual n.
(e.g. submandibular/sublingual glands)

62
Q

Pterygopalatine Ganglion (CN VII)

A

1) From Sup. Salivatory Nucleus
2) Pre-ggl Parasymp: Greater Petrosal
Pre-ggl Symp: Deep Petrosal n.
3) Post-ggl: Maxillary n.
(e.g. lacrimal gland)

Histology (10 decks)

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