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Histology > 1st Semester > Flashcards

1st Semester Flashcards

1
Q

Glycocalyx def and func

A

Membrane proteins with carb side-chains
For cell-to-cell recognition

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2
Q

Microvilli def and func

A

1 um length
Bundles of actin and myosin (terminal web)
Increase surface area

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3
Q

Stereocilia def and func

A

Extremely long microvilli
8-10 micrometers
Actin filaments only

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4
Q

Cilia def and func

A

5-10 micrometers
Microtubules (9x2 +2), Nexin (linker) & Dynein (motor protein)
Motile

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5
Q

Collagen type 1

A

Bone, Skin, Tendon, Dentin

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6
Q

Collagen type 2

A

Cartilage

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7
Q

Collagen type 3

A

Reticular fibers

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8
Q

Collagen type 4

A

Basal Lamina

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9
Q

Collagen type 5

A

Hair, Placenta

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10
Q

Basal membrane is made of

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Lamina Fibroreticularis
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11
Q

Basal Lamina is made of

A
  • Lamina rara/lucida externa
  • Lamina densa
  • Lamina rara/lucida interna
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12
Q

Zona occludens

A

Tight Junction, Diffusion barrier

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13
Q

Zona Adherens

A

Below the Zona occludens
Links actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells to each other
(cadherins)

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14
Q

Macula adherens

A

Desmosome, Cell-to-cell communication and intermediate filament anchorage
Resists shear force

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15
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Binds epithelium to basal membrane

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16
Q

Gap Junction (Nexus)
+ major constituent

A

Exchange of ions, metabolites, messengers between adjacent cells
- connexins

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17
Q

Layers of S. Non-K

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Planocellulare

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18
Q

Layers of thin S.K

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Corneum

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19
Q

Layers of thick S.K

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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20
Q

What is found in Stratum Granulosum

A

Keratohyalin

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21
Q

Urothelium cells

A

Basal (Cuboidal or Columnar)
Pear shaped cells
Umbrella cells

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22
Q

Granules in Serous acini

A

Zymogen granules

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23
Q

Granules in Mucous acini

A

Mucigin granules

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24
Q

Stain that turns mucous acini Turqoise

A

Movat (pentachrome) stain, stains carbs

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25
Q

Types of Intralobular ducts

A
  • Intercallated duct
  • Striated duct
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26
Q

Intercallated duct cells

A

Simple cuboidal

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27
Q

Striated duct cells

A

Simple Columnar

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28
Q

Interlobular duct cells

A

Stratified cuboidal/columnar

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29
Q

Excretory duct cells

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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30
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Continuous secretion
e.g. Salivary

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31
Q

Apocrine secrection

A

Needs accumulation
Secreted with cytoplasm
e.g. Mammary gland, modified sweat gland.

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32
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Whole cell ruptured
Needs to be fully replaced
e.g. Sebaceous gland

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33
Q

Granules in Plasma cell

A

Histamin (allergy)
Heparin (blood clots)
Leucotriene (Branchi mm contraction)

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34
Q

Ground substance contains

A
  • Hyaluronan
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycans
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35
Q

Proteoglycans are

A

Core protein + GAGs

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36
Q

Glycoproteins do what

A

Anchor collagen to cell surface
(laminin)

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37
Q

Collagen structure

A

Lateral covalent binding of tropocollagen, 3 intertwining peptide chains

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38
Q

Stain for Reticular fibers

A

Silver impregnation, BLACK

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39
Q

Stain for Elastic fibers

A
  • Resorcin-fuchsin: lilac
  • Orcein: Brown
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40
Q

How are elastic fibers made?

A

Deposition of Elastic protein on Fibrillin microfibrils (glycoprotein)

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41
Q

Stain for Collagen

A
  • H.E: pink
  • Trichrome: blue
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42
Q

Order of Leukocytes

A

Neutrophil gran (40-75%)
Lymphocytes (20-50%)
Monocytes (2-10%)
Eosinophil gran (1-6%)
Basophil gran (<1%)

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43
Q

Blood Smear Stain

A

May-Grünwald-Giemsa

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44
Q

2 main groups of Leukocytes

A
  • Granular /polymorphonuclear
  • Agranular /monomorphonuclear
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45
Q

Azurophilic Granules

A

Lysosome Granules in Neutrophils & Monocytes

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46
Q

Eosinophil role

A

Asthma and Allergy
- Crystal-like structure in axis of granule with anti-parasitic effect

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47
Q

Basophil role

A

Prevents blood clotting in Inflamation

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48
Q

Where do Platelets originate from?

A

Bone marrow megakaryocytes

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49
Q

Hyaline Cart.

A

2-8 chondrocytes
Perichondrium, except articulating surfaces

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50
Q

Elastic cart.

A

1-2 chondrocytes
Always perichondrium

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51
Q

Fibrocart.

A

1-2 chrondrocytes
Never perichondrium

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52
Q

Layers of perichondrium

A
  • Fibrous Layer (collagen I)
  • Chondrogenic Layer
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53
Q

Interstitial cartilage growth is

A

Embryonic cartilage growth from within
Mesenchymal cells Directly to chondroblast

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54
Q

Appositional cartilage growth is

A

Cartilage formation at edges from the Chondrogenic layer of Perichondrium

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55
Q

Newly synthesized bone

A

Osteoid

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56
Q

Yellow bone stain

A

Schmorl’s Picrothionin

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57
Q

Canals in Bone

A
  • Haversian Canals
  • Volkmann’s Canal
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58
Q

How do Osteocytes communicate?

A

Bony canaliculi by gap junctions

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59
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Mesenchymal cells directly to Osteoblasts
  • Osteoprogenitor cell formed
    (culvaria, mandible, clavicle)
60
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

1) Cartilage model serves as precursor for Bone synthesis
2) Mesenchyme to fetal hyaline cartilage
3) Bony collar formed
4) Ossification

61
Q

Epiphyseal Growth plate

A

Cartilage bw. epiphysis and diaphysis for bone lengthening

62
Q

Bone appositional growth

A

Bone remodeling by constant osteoid synthesis by Osteoblasts and bone breakdown by osteoclasts in Howship’s lacunae

63
Q

Cartilage zones

A

Resting zone
Zone of Proliferation
Zone of Hypertrophy/Degen.
Zone of Calcification
Zone of Ossification

64
Q

Sarcomere

A

Striated muscle unit
A (dark) = Actin + Myosin
I (light) = Actin
Z (intermed.) = Filamin, actin binding protein
(from z to z)

65
Q

Coverings of muscle

A
  • Epimesium (muscle)
  • Perimesium (fascicle)
  • Endomesium (fiber)
66
Q

Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle

A

1) Satellite cells
2) activated satellite cell
3) Myoblast
4) Myocyte/Myotube
5) Myofiber

67
Q

Eberth Lines

A

Intercalated disc junction between 2 cardiac cells for faster conduction

68
Q

Yellow/brown granules

A

Lipofuscin granules, lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion

69
Q

Pericyte

A

Around a vessel
Regulates cell permeability and blood flow, sort of stem cell (mesenchymal-like)

70
Q

Layers of vessels

A

Tunica intima
Int. Elastic membrane (no in vv)
Tunica Media
Ext. Elastic membrane
Tunica Adventitia

71
Q

Central Glia

A
  • Macroglia (from neural tube: asterocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells.
  • Microglia (from hematopoetic tissue)
72
Q

Peripheral Glia

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells
73
Q

Remak Fibers

A

Non-myelinated nerve fibers from C-neurons for long term burning pain

74
Q

Cells in a Taste bud

A
  • Supporting cells
  • Sensory cells
  • Basal cells
75
Q

Von Ebners glands

A

Serous secretion into moat-like invagination of Circumvallate papillae

76
Q

Intrinsic Tongue muscles

A
  • Sup/Inf Longitudinal
  • Vertical
  • Transverse
77
Q

Constituents of Enamel

A

Enamel prisms
- 97% inorganic (calcium hydroxyapetite)
- 2% organic (enamelin, ameloblastin)

78
Q

Neonatal Tooth line

A

Strongest Retzius line separating enamel in fetal life and after birth

79
Q

Tongue Innervation

A
  • Motor: ant 2/3 lingual, post 1/3 glossopharyngeal
  • Taste: ant 2/3 chorda t., post 1/3 glossopharyngeal
80
Q

What gland is fully serous?

A

Parotid Gland

81
Q

General layers of GIT

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria mucosae
Lamina Muscularis mucosae
(tunica mucosa^)
Submucosa
Tunica Muscularis
Tunica adventitia/serosa (ip)

82
Q

5 Cells of Gastric pit

A
  • Stem cell
  • Mucous cell
  • Parietal cell (HCL & intrinsic f)
  • Chief cell (serous pepsinogen)
  • Enteroendocrine cell (regulates chief & parietal)
83
Q

Intestinal surface increasing structures

A
  • Kerkring folds
  • Intestinal Villi
  • Microvilli
84
Q

Lieberkühn’s Crypts

A
  • Small intestine: Paneth cells which release antimicrobial lysozyme
  • Large intestine: No paneth cells only mucous secreted
85
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A

Alkaline Mucous glands in Duodenum submucosa which neutralize stomach acid in duodenum

86
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Lymphatic follicles in Ileum anti-mesenterial side
(MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

87
Q

What covers Peyer’s patches

A

Microfold cell (M-cell) but can not be seen in LM, antigen presenting cell

88
Q

What happens to folding in Large intestine?

A

No Kerkring folds & No intestinal villi

89
Q

What areas have No Muscularis mucosae

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Trachea
  • Ureter, Fallopian, Vagina, Ductus def.
90
Q

What areas have No Submucosa

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Ureter, Fallopian, Vagina, Ductus def.
91
Q

Kupfer Cell

A

Macrophage of the Liver

92
Q

Hepatic Lobule Portal triad

A
  • Interlobular V (portal v)
  • Interlobular A (hepatic a)
  • Bile duct
    (+ lymphatic vessel: tetrad)
93
Q

Herring’s Canal

A

Drains bile from hepatocytes to bile duct (intralobular duct)

94
Q

Hepatic Stellate cells

A

Found in space of Disse
- Stores Vitamin A
- Produces reticular fibers

95
Q

What covers Liver?

A

Glisson’s capsule

96
Q

Round ligament Liver is a remnant of

A

Left Umbilical Vein

97
Q

Spiral Valves of Heister

A

Prevent the collapse of the Cystic duct (Gallbladder)

98
Q

What is special about ducts in Pancrease?

A

No striated ducts!

99
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Principal b.
Lobal b.
Segmental b.
Terminal b.

100
Q

Clara cells

A

Non-ciliated cuboidal cells in Lung
Produce surfactant in Bronchioles to lubricate and prevent collapse

101
Q

Male Urethra linings

A

1) Prostatic part: Urothelium
2) Membranous Part: Urothelium + Strat. columnar
3) Spongy part: Strat. columnar

102
Q

What forms Blood-Testis barrier

A

Tight Junctions bw. basal 1/3 of 2 sertoli cells

103
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Testosterone secreting cells in intertubular space

104
Q

Cells in ductus epididymis

A
  • Principal cells: Tall columnar with long microvilli (apical)
  • Basal cells: Short Stem cells (basal)
105
Q

Spermatic cord coverings

A
  • Ext. Spermatic Fascia (ext. oblique)
  • Cremasteric Fascia (int. oblique)
  • Int. Spermatic Fascia (transversalis fascia)
106
Q

Contents of Spermatic cord

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Deferential, Cremasteric, Testicular A.
  • Pampiniform plex.
  • Nerves (genital br. of GF n)
107
Q

Corpora Amylacea

A

Calcified glycoprotein in the Prostate

108
Q

Main bulk of penis

A
  • 2 Corpora cavernosa
  • 1 Corpus spongiosum
109
Q

Littre Glands

A

Tubuloacinar Mucous glands to lubricate penile urethra (submucosa)

110
Q

Preputial glands

A

Secrete Smegma (sebum) fro prepuce of penis

111
Q

Primordial follicle

A
  • Prophase I of meiosis
  • Single layer of squamous follicular cells
112
Q

Primary follicle

A
  • 1 layer Cuboidal follicular cells
  • Zona pellucida
113
Q

Secondary follicle

A
  • Multilayered Granulose cells
  • Bilayered Theca cells
114
Q

What fills the antrum in secondary follicle

A

Liquor Folliculi
Hyaluronan-rich fluid

115
Q

Graffian / Tertiary follicle

A
  • Cumulus oophorus
  • Corona radiata
  • Zona granulosa
  • Theca folliculi (theca ext & int.)
  • Antrum
116
Q

Cells of Corpus Luteum

A
  • Granulosa Lutein cells (larger)
  • Theca Lutein cells smaller
    (Progesterone)
117
Q

Corpus albicans

A

If no fertilization, fatty degeneration

118
Q

Pyknotic meaning

A

Irreversible condensation of chromatin in nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis
(Atretic Follicle)

119
Q

Main parts of Uterus

A
  • Endomerium
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium
120
Q

Main layers of Uterus Endometrium

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum functionale
121
Q

Sloughed layers of uterus

A

Stratum functionale
- Stratum compactum (under epi.)
- Stratum spongiosum

122
Q

Vessels of Uterus

A
  • Circumferential A (mid. myomet)
  • Radial Branches (str. basale)
  • Straight A (str.basale supply)
  • Spiral A (str. functionale)
123
Q

Myometrium layers

A
  • Str. Submucosum
  • Str. Vasculare
  • Str. Supravasculare
124
Q

Phases of Uterus

A
  • Secretory phase (progesterone)
  • Proliferative phase (estrogen)
125
Q

What muscle can we see in Vagina Slide?

A

Bulbospongiosus

126
Q

Placental villi dev.

A
  • Primary: Trophoblast
  • Secondary: Trophoblast & Mesenchymal core
  • Tertiary: + capillaries
    (chorionic villi)
127
Q

Placental Villi mature forms

A
  • Anchoring Villi
  • Free/Branching/True Villi
128
Q

Layers of mature placenta

A

Amnion
Chorion
- Extraembryonic mesoderm
- Cytotrophoblast
- Syncitiotrophoblast

129
Q

Blood-Placental Barrier Layers

A

1) Syncitiotrophoblast
2) Lam. Basalis of Sync.
3) Mesenchymal CT of villus
4) Lam. Basalis of Endothel
5) Capillary Endothelium

130
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands

131
Q

Role of Plasma Cells in Lactating breast

A

Source of immunoglobulins present in the milk (IgA)

132
Q

Areas of Lymph Node

A
  • Cortex: B-dependent
  • Paracortex: T-dependent
133
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • Follicular dendritic (help b-cells)
  • Interdigitating dendritic (help t-cells)
134
Q

Flow of lymph in Lymph node

A

1) Cortical sinuses
2) Intermediate sinuses
3) Medullary sinuses
4) Terminal sinus
5) Hilum

135
Q

Spleen major parts

A
  • Red pulp (blood-rich)
  • White pulp (lymphocyte rich)
136
Q

White pulp devisions Spleen

A
  • Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (T)
  • Malpighian follicles (B)
  • Marginal Zone (B)
137
Q

What is found in Red pulp of Spleen

A
  • Splenic cords (Billroth)
  • Splenic Sinuses with Stave cells.
138
Q

Hassal’s Bodies

A
  • Medulla of Thymus
  • Secrete Cytokine: Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
139
Q

How can we see B & T Lymphocytes in Immunocytochemistry

A

Antibodies against
- B: CD20
- T: CD3

140
Q

Layers of Hair bulb

A

Medulla
Cortex
Hair cuticle
Int. Root Sheath
Ext. Root Sheath
Glassy Membrane
CT

141
Q

What does internal root sheath contain?

A

Trichohyalin Granules

142
Q

What surrounds an Adipocyte

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Basal Lamina
143
Q

Juxtagromelural Apparatus of Kidney

A
  • Macula Densa (dist. tub)
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus (smc renin)
  • Extramesangial cells (next to vascular pole, phagocytosis & struct support)
144
Q

Region in Calyx where Epithelium changes to Urothelium

A

Fornix

145
Q

Appendix Testis Remnant

A

Müllerian Duct

146
Q

Hoffbauer Cell

A

Macrophage of Placental Tertiary chronic villi

147
Q

Fibrinoid

A

Pink blobs due to placental aging blocking gas exchange

Histology (10 decks)

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