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Histology > 2nd Sem 1 > Flashcards

2nd Sem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central canal a remnant of?

A

Neural Tube

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2
Q

Grey Matter contains

A

Cell bodies of Neurons

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3
Q

White Matter contains

A

Myelinated Axons

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4
Q

Posterior/Dorsal Horn contains

A

Small SENSORY Neurons

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5
Q

Anterior/Ventral Horn contains

A

MOTOR Neurons

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6
Q

Lateral Horn contains

A

PREGANGLIONIC
- T1-L2 Sympathetic neurons
- S2-S4 Parasympathetic neurons

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7
Q

White matter made up of 2 pathways

A
  • Ascending Sensory pathway
  • Descending Motor pathway
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8
Q

Funiculi and contents

A
  • Post. Funiculus: Ascending
  • Ant. Funiculus: Ascending and Descending
  • Lat. Funiculus: Ascending and Descending
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9
Q

Regular arrangement of Ascending sensory fibers

A

Longer fibers (lower down/sacral) more laterally and Shorter fibers (cervical) deeper in white matter

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10
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Regular skeletal muscle fibers
(Force and Movement)

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11
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Fibers located inside muscle spindles
(detect changes in muscle stretch)

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12
Q

Lamina I + Function =

A

Posteromarginal Nucleus
Nociceptive

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13
Q

Lamina II + Function =

A

Substantia Gelatinosa (of Rolando)
Nociceptive & Non-nociceptive

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14
Q

Laminae III & IV + Function =

A

Nucleus Prorius
Non-nociceptive

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15
Q

Lamina V function =

A

Pain processing for Joints, Muscles, Skin

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16
Q

Lamina VI function =

A

Proprioceptive input

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17
Q

Lamina VII + Function =

A

Intermediate Zone
Interneurons for Motor control

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18
Q

Types of Neurons in Grey matter

A
  • Motor Neurons
  • Pre.ggl Neurons (GVM)
  • Projection Neurons
  • Interneurons
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19
Q

Motor neuron types

A

a-motor n (alpha)
B-motor n (beta)
y-motor n (gamma)

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20
Q

a - Motor neuron

A

Innervates Extrafusal fibers

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21
Q

y-Motor neuron

A

Innervate Intrafusal fibers

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22
Q

B-Motor Neuron

A

Intrafusal & Extrafusal fibers
Dual innervation

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23
Q

Ventral Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Extensors

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24
Q

Dorsal Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Flexors

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25
Q

Lateral Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Distal muscles

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26
Q

Medial Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Proximal / Axial muscles

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27
Q

Preganglionic neuron axon pathway

A

1) Leaves through Ventral root
2) Travels through Spinal N.
3) Reaches Autonomic ganglia

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28
Q

Projection neuron’s soma located in

A

Lamina I, III-IV

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29
Q

Types of Interneurons

A
  • Propriospinal (Excitatory)
  • Local
  • Inhibitory
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30
Q

Short vs Long Propriospinal interneurons

A

Short: Lamina IX
Long: Deep dorsal horn, Lamina VII, Lamina X

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31
Q

Propriospinal / Intersegmental tracts

A
  • Interfasicular Tract (Comma tract of schultz) [cervical]
  • Septomariginal Fasiculus (Oval area of flechsig) [thoracic]
  • Cornucomissural Tract (philippe-gombault triangle) [sacral]
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32
Q

Types of Local interneurons

A
  • Commissural Interneuron
  • Intercalated Interneuron
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33
Q

Commissural Interneuron

A

Crosses the midline to the other side without leaving the spinal cord

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34
Q

Intercalated Interneuron

A

Receives input from sensory neuron and transmits to motor neuron
(do not cross)

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35
Q

Distribution of inhibitory interneurons

A
  • Supf. Dorsal horn in laminae I-III
  • Deep Dorsal horn in laminae IV-VI
  • Ventral horn in laminae VII-IX
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36
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Supf. Dorsal horn

A

Decrease nociceptive signaling to Brain

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37
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Deep Dorsal horn

A

Presynaptic inhibition

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38
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Ventral horn

A
  • Renshaw cells
  • Ia inh. interneurons
  • Ib inh. interneurons
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39
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Recurrent inhibition of overactivation of a-motor neurons

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40
Q

Ia inhibitory internurons

A

Reciprocal inhibition on Antagonist motor neurons
(stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle)

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41
Q

Ib inhibitory interneurons

A

Input from Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) on tendon stretch
If too much tension, a-motor neuron of muscle is inhibited

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42
Q

Skin receptors

A
  • Encapsulated
  • Non-encapsulated
  • Merkel Complexes
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43
Q

Encapsulated skin receptors

A
  • Meissner corpuscle (fine touch)
  • Pacinian corpuscle (vibration)
  • Ruffini corpuscle (stretch)
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44
Q

Non-encapsulated skin receptors

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Hair follicle receptors
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45
Q

Merkel cells

A

Touch & Pressure

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46
Q

Types of Intrafusal Fibers (Proprioceptors)

A
  • Nuclear chain fiber
  • Nuclear bag fiber
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47
Q

Nerve ending types in Muscle spindles

A
  • Flower spray (a-y fiber, stretch)
  • Annulospiral (a-a fiber, length & velocity)
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48
Q

Type C nerve fiber

A

Only unmyelinated fiber
Postganglionic, nociceptor

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49
Q

Type B nerve fiber

A

Preganglionic autonomic fiber

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50
Q

Type Aa nerve fiber

A

A-Ia = Annulospiral ending
A-Ib = Golgi tendon organ

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51
Q

Type AB nerve fiber

A
  • Skin mechanoceptors
  • Flower spray ending
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52
Q

Type Ay nerve fiber

A

y motorneuron
(Intrafusal fibers)

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53
Q

Type Ad nerve fiber

A
  • Nociceptor
  • Thermoceptor
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54
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A
  • Proprioceptive
  • Myotactic
  • Stretch reflexes
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55
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A
  • Nociceptive
  • Withdrawal
  • Ipsilateral flexor
  • Contralateral extensor
  • Autonomic reflexes
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56
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex
Patellar ligament hit, Quad. fem. elongated, triggers reflex to contract
+ Reciprocal inhib. of Hamstring mm.

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57
Q

y-loop regulation

A

1) y-motor neuron axon to intrafusal fibers, stretch in muscle
2) Annulospiral sense and send to spinal cord
3) a-motor neuron activates extrafusal fibers
4) Full muscle contraction
5) Important for balance, posture, fine motor control

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58
Q

Co-release vs Co-transmission

A
  • Co-release: presynapsis can release different NTs from same vesicle.
  • Co-transmission: presynapsis releases different NTs from separate vesicles (different Ca2+ sensitivities)
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59
Q

Parts of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Allocortex (Older)
  • Isocortex (Newer)
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60
Q

Allocortex parts

A
  • Paleocortex (paleopallium, rhinencephalon): 4 layers, olfactory system.
  • Archicortex (archipalleum): 3 layers, memory, limbic system
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61
Q

Isocortex parts

A

Neocortex: 6 layers, 90% of cerebral mantle, higher order brain function

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62
Q

Stellate cells

A

Interneuron in Neocortex
(GABA)

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63
Q

Glial cell examples

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
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64
Q

What forms BBB

A

Astrocytes

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65
Q

Oligodendrocyte function

A

Created myelin sheath in CNS
(Schwann in PNS)

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66
Q

Microglia function

A

Macrophages of CNS
Derived from from Mesoderm
(others neuroectoderm)

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67
Q

Staining of Isocortex/Neocortex

A
  • Golgi-impregnation: Whole cell
  • Nissl stain: Perikarya & Dendrites (rER of neuron)
  • Myelin s. stain: Axons (show direction)
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68
Q

Layers of Neocortex

A

1) Stratum Moleculare / Zonale / Plexiforme
2) Stratum Granulosum Externum
3) Stratum Pyramidale (Externum)
4) Stratum Granulosum Internum
5) Stratum Gangliosum (pyr. Int.)
6) Stratum Multiforme

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69
Q

What Layer has small Pyramidal cells

A

Stratum Pyramidale Externum (III)

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70
Q

What layer has Large Pyramidal cells & Name

A

Stratum Gangliosum (V)
Betz Cells (only in Motor)

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71
Q

3 CNS Tracts

A
  • Association Tracts
  • Commissural Tracts
  • Projection Tracts
72
Q

Association Tracts

A

Connect different areas of the same hemisphere
(fasciculi)

73
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Cross the Midline connecting same cortical regions of different hemispheres

74
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Connect cortex with other areas of CNS
(Brainstem, Spinal Cord)

75
Q

Layer III (str. pyramidale ext.)
Connections

A

Efferent
Cortico-Cortical projections
Can innervate all other layers

76
Q

Layer IV (str. granulosum int.)
Connections

A

Afferent
Receives Thalamo-Cortical inputs
All sensory info except smell.

77
Q

Layer V (str. gangliosum)
Connections

A

Efferent
Subcortical projections
Efferent tracts of pyramidal cells towards motor neurons

78
Q

Layer VI (str. multiforme)
Connections

A

Efferent
Cortico-Thalamic projections
Projections to the thalamus

79
Q

Receptors of sensory tracts

A
  • Exteroceptor (pain, temp, touch)
  • Proprioceptor (muscle, joint)
80
Q

1st Order Neuron Location
(sensory)

A

DRG

81
Q

1st Order Neuron Structure / Function
(sensory)

A

Pseudounipolar
- Peripheral axon: Contacts sensory receptors
- Central axon: Signals second order neuron in spinal cord.
NO SYNAPSE

82
Q

2nd Order Neuron Location
(sensory)

A

Posterior horn of Spinal cord

83
Q

3rd Order Neuron Location
(sensory)

A

Subcortical structures
(usually thalamus)

84
Q

3rd Order Neuron Structure / Function
(sensory)

A

Relays information to the cortex

85
Q

1st Order Neuron
(motor)

A
  • Cortex (voluntary)
  • Brainstem (involuntary)
86
Q

2nd Order Neuron
(motor)

A

Anterior Horn of Spinal cord
Interneurons to relay info

87
Q

3rd Order Neuron
(motor)

A

Anterior Horn of Spinal Cord
Signal directly to Skeletal Muscles

88
Q

Intracerebral Pathway Parts

A
  • Limbic system (emotion, memory)
  • Basal ganglia (movements)
89
Q

Limbic System Parts

A
  • Alveolus
  • Fimbria
  • Fornix
  • Mamillothalamic tract
  • Stria Terminalis
90
Q

2 Methods of Brain Imaging

A
  • FMRI: cortical area stimulation (O2)
  • DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
91
Q

Functional units of the Cortex, Size, Cell count

A

Cortical Columns (2 million total)
200-300 μm in diameter, 2.5-3 mm high
~5000 cells per column

92
Q

Brodmann 4

A

Primary Motor cortex
(Precentral Gyrus)

93
Q

Brodmann 6

A

Secondary Motor area
(front of Precentral Sulcus)

94
Q

Brodmann 3, 1, 2

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex
(Postcentral gyrus & lobulus paracenrtralis)

95
Q

Brodmann 17

A

Primary Visual Center
(Area striata, both sides of calcarine sulcus)

96
Q

Brodmann 18, 19

A

Secondary & Tertiary Visual centers
(Area parastriata)

97
Q

Brodmann 22

A

Sensory Speach Area / Wernicke’s Area
(superior temporal Gyrus)

98
Q

Brodmann 41, 42

A

Primary Hearing Center
(Heschl gyri, lower side of lateral sulcus)

99
Q

Brodmann 43

A

Taste center
(inferior postcentral gyrus, insula)

100
Q

Brodmann 44, 45

A

Motor Speach Area / Broca’s Area
(Frontal Lobe)

101
Q

Brodmann 51

A

Primary Olfactory center
(temporal pole)

102
Q

Brodmann 28

A

Secondary Olfactory center
(surface of parahippocampal gyrus)

103
Q

Multimodal Association Cortices

A
  • Parietal Multimodal Cortex
  • Temporal Multimodal Cortex
  • Prefrontal Cortex
104
Q

Parietal Multimodal Association Cortex Parts & Functions

A
  • Lateral: hearing, vision, speach.
  • Superior: hand movement
  • Posterior: spacial awareness
105
Q

Temporal Multimodal Association Cortex

A

Integrates Visual and Auditory Information
(Memory of faces, people)

106
Q

Prefrontal Cortex Parts & Functions

A
  • Dorsolateral: planning, working memory, motor program.
  • Ventrolateral: recognition, understanding.
  • Orbitofrontal: emotion, motivation, social behavior
107
Q

Cortical Functional Networks

A
  • Salience Network
  • Resting State Network
  • Central Executive Network
108
Q

Salience Network

A

Dorsal anterior Cingulate Cortex & Insula
(Important info, target activities, error correction)

109
Q

Resting State Network

A

New thoughts, Ideas, Plans, Memories during rest.

110
Q

Central Executive Network

A

Prefrontal Cortex & other Motor control regions
Controls Executive Motor Systems
(Decision making)

111
Q

Sympathetic Neurons location

A

T1 - L2 of Lateral Horn

112
Q

Sympathetic fiber explanation (rami)

A
  • Preganglionic fibers found in White communicating Rami (Myelinated)
  • Postganglionic fibers found in Grey communicating Rami (Unmyelinated)
113
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

A
  • Paravertebral Chain (sup. mid. inf cervical ggl)
  • Preaortic ggl. (celiac, sup. inf. mesenteric)
114
Q

Preganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine
(Both)

115
Q

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine
Sympathetic: NE

116
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons location

A
  • Brainstem (nuclei)
  • S2 - S4
117
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia

A
  • Ciliary ggl
  • Lacrimal ggl
  • Pterygopalatine ggl
  • Submandibular ggl
118
Q

Autonomous Reflex importance

A

1) Pain signal from an organ travels to the dorsal root ggl.
2) Causes stimulation of Symp/Parasymp stystem.
3) Can cause deferred pain

119
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Network of neurons in the brainstem
  • Extends from the spinal cord to the midbrain, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus
  • (arousal & wakefulness)
120
Q

Biogenic Amines in Brain Stem

A
  • Noradrenergic
  • Adrenergic
  • Dopaminergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Ascending reticular activating system
  • Histaminergic/Serotoninergic
121
Q

Noradrenergic Cell groups

A
  • Clusters of Neurons producing NE
  • A1 - A7 (medulla to midbrain)
  • A6 Locus Cereuolus (pons)
    (amygdala, hipocamp, cingulate gyrus)
122
Q

Adrenergic Cell groups

A
  • C1-C3
  • Medulla Oblongata
123
Q

Dopaminergic Cell groups

A
  • A8-A16 (midbrain)
  • A9 (substantia nigra)
  • A10 (Ventral Tegmental Area)
124
Q

Serotoninergic Cell groups

A
  • B1-B9 (medulla to midbrain)
  • Reaches every part of brain completely (sleep)
125
Q

Cholinergic Cell groups

A
  • Under inferior frontal lobe
  • Memory formation
  • Somatomotor nuclei of CN 3,4,6 eye movement
126
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

A
  • Spinoreticular tract
  • Wakefullness & Attention
127
Q

Levels of Regulation of Autonomic System

A

1) Spinal Cord level
2) Supraspinal Level (brainstem) -eg: solitary tract, CNX
3) Central autonomous reg.

128
Q

Types of Thalamic Nuclei

A
  • Relay
  • Reticular
  • Intralaminar
129
Q

VPL Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: post. & lat. funiculus
- Eff: prim. somatosensory cortex via post. limb of internal capsule
(Mainly for body)

130
Q

VPM Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: trigeminal & gustatory pathways
- Eff: prim. somatosensory cortex via post. limb of internal capsule
(Mainly for head)

131
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: visual info via optic nerve
- Eff: primary visual cortex

132
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: aud. info from sup. olive and inf. colliculus
- Eff: auditory cortex of temporal lobe

133
Q

VL Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: cerebellum & basal gglia.
- Eff: primary motor cortex

134
Q

VA Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY
- Aff: basal gglia
- Eff: premotor cortex

135
Q

Anterior Thalamic Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY (Limbic)
- Aff: mamillothalamic tract
- Eff: cingulate gyrus

136
Q

MD Nucleus

A

Thalamic RELAY (thinking)
- Aff: amygdala & olfactory cortex
- Eff: prefrontal cortex & limbic system

137
Q

Reticular Nucleus (Thalamus)

A

Alertness & Attention
- Aff: other thalamic nuclei
- Eff: dorsal nuclei

138
Q

Central Medial Nucleus

A

Thalamic INTRALAMINAR
Alertness
- Aff: cerebellum, RAS, GPi
- Eff: cerebral cortex and striatum

139
Q

CM Nucleus

A

Thalamic INTRALAMINAR
Pain processing
- Aff: emboliform nucleus
- Eff: striatum

140
Q

Epicritic Sensation

A

Fine touch, vibration
- Fasiculus Gracilis
- Fasiculus Cuneatus

141
Q

Protopathic Sensation

A

Pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure
- Lateral Spinothalamic tract
- Anterior Spinothalamic tract

142
Q

Proprioception

A

Position sense
- Posterior Spinocerebellar t
- Anterior Spinocerebellar t

143
Q

Fasciculus Gracilis (Goll’s Tract)

A
  • Epicritic sensation & Proprioception
  • Sensory information from lower limbs
  • Meissner’s & Pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles, tendon organs
  • Below T6
144
Q

Fasciculus Cuneatus (Burdach’s Tract)

A
  • Epicritic sensation & Proprioception
  • Sensory information from upper limbs
  • Meissner’s & Pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles, tendon organs
  • Above T6
145
Q

Somatosensory pathway (medial lem.)

A

1) Pseudounipolar sensory neuron in DRG
2) Gracilis & Cuneate nuclei in Medulla Oblongata
3) Axons cross midline and travel as Medial Lemniscus
4) VPL of Thalamus

146
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Protopathic sensation
(pain, temp, tickle, itch)

147
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Protopathic
Crude touch & Pressure

148
Q

2 Types of pain impulses to CNS

A
  • Ay fiber fast initial sharp pain
  • C fibers prolonged burning aching pain
149
Q

Spinothalamic tract pathway

A

1) Skin receptors to DRG
2) Axons can go up or down in dorsolateral tract of Lissauer
3) Terminate on Lamina II (sub. gelatinosa)
4) Axons cross to other side through Anterior White Comissure
5) Fibers form Spinal Lemniscus
6) VPL of Thalamus

150
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts sensation

A

Proprioception

151
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

1) DRG to Clarke’s Lamina VII
2) Ascend Ipsilaterally
3) Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
4) Axons terminate with Mossy fibers at str. granulosim Cerebellar cortex
(Below T6)

152
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

1) DRG to Dorsal Grey Horn (L4-S3)
2) Cross midline at anterior white commissure
3) Ascend Contralaterally
4) Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
5) Many fibers cross back to Ipsilateral side (2nd cross) in cerebellum
(Below L3)

153
Q

Trigeminal Epicritic Sensation Pathway

A

1) Trigeminal ggl
2) Principal nucleus (pontine/chief)
3) Crossed and Uncrossed axons in Trigeminothalamic tract
4)VPM of Thalamus

154
Q

Trigeminal Protopathic Sensation Pathway

A

1) Trigeminal ggl
2) Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
3) Axons cross and ascend
4) VPM of Thalamus (contralateral)

155
Q

Trigeminal Proprioception (Trigeminal Lemniscus)

A

Proprioceptive info from masticatory mm. + Epicritic sens. + Protopathic sens.

156
Q

Main Autonomic Nucleus of Brainstem

A

Solitary Tract Nucleus
(NTS)

157
Q

Cranial Parasympathetic Afferent Limb Pathway

A

1) Viscerosensory fibers from CN 5,7,9,10
2) Trigeminothalamic tract / Lemniscus trigeminalis
3) VPM of Thalamus
4) Posterior insular Cortex

158
Q

Spinoreticulothalamic Afferent Pathway

A

1) DRG
2) Contralateral
3) Lat. Spinothalamic tract
4) Some fibers to R.F - Parabrachial & Periaqueductal nuclei
5) MD & Intralaminar nuc. Thalamus
6) dors. post. insula, ant. cingulate g, secondary sens. cortex.

159
Q

Subregions of Solitary Nucleus

A
  • Gustatory Nucleus
  • Baroreceptor Nucleus
  • Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus
  • Commissural Nucleus (lat. ala cinerea)
160
Q

Diencephalic Relay gets info from

A
  • Spinothalamic Tract
  • Reticular Formation
161
Q

Posterior part of Insula is called

A

Viscerosensory Cortex

162
Q

Tripartite Model of Pain

A

1) Sensory-Discriminative aspect
2) Affective-Motivational aspect
3) Cognitive-Evaluative aspect

163
Q

Important parts for Descending control of Nociception

A
  • RVM
  • Locus Ceruleus - (NE)
  • Raphe Magnus (serotonin)
    May Facilitate or Block pain reaching brain through spinal cord
164
Q

How to Tricyclic Antidepressants work?

A

Increase levels of NE and Serotonin by Inhibition of reuptake from the synapses

165
Q

Where are inhibitory interneurons of Gate-control-theory found?

A

Lamina II of Dorsal Horn

166
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain from damage to Somatosensory system

167
Q

Nociplastic pain

A

Altered pain processing in nervous system without any apparent damage to peripheral nerves

168
Q

What % of Corticospinal fibers decussate and form the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

90%
Control Distal limb muscles

169
Q

What % of Corticospinal fibers continue straight and form the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

10%
Control Proximal muscles (posture)

170
Q

Neuronal makeup of Corticospinal tract

A

30% Primary MC
30% Secondary MC
40% Other areas

171
Q

Steps of Visceromotor Pathway

A

1) Type B fibers
2) Autonomic ggl
3) Type C fibers to organ
4) Smooth/Cardiac mm, glands

172
Q

Spinal reflex Symp vs Parasymp Afferentation

A
  • Parasympathetic: DRG
  • Sympathetic: DRG & Lateral horn
173
Q

Spinal reflex Symp vs Parasymp Efferentation

A
  • Parasympathetic: intermediomedial nucleus
  • Sympathetic: intermediolateral nucleus
174
Q

Sympathetic trunk communicating rami

A
  • White com. Rami: Preganglionic fibers, myelinated axons
  • Grey com. Rami: Postganglionic fibers, unmyelinated axons
175
Q

Special Sympathetic innervation of Adrenal Medulla

A

Only receives Preganglionic fibers for the release of Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Histology (5 decks)

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