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Histology > 2nd Sem 1 > Flashcards

2nd Sem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central canal a remnant of?

A

Neural Tube

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2
Q

Cell type in Central canal

A

Ependymal cells
Ciliated Columnar

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3
Q

Lateral Horn contains

A

PREGANGLIONIC
- T1-L2 Sympathetic neurons
- S2-S4 Parasympathetic neurons

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4
Q

a-Motor Neuron

A
  • Largest Motor Neuron
  • Innervates Extrafusal fibers
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5
Q

y-Motor Neuron

A

Innervates Intrafusal muscle fibers

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6
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Regular skeletal muscle fibers
(Force and Movement)

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7
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Fibers located inside muscle spindles
(detect changes in muscle stretch)

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8
Q

Types of Neurons in Grey matter

A
  • Motor Neurons
  • Pre.ggl Neurons (GVM)
  • Projection Neurons
  • Interneurons
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9
Q

Motor neuron types

A

a, B, y
alpha / beta / gamma

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10
Q

B-Motor Neuron

A

Intrafusal & Extrafusal fibers
Dual innervation

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11
Q

Ventral Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Extensors

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12
Q

Dorsal Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Flexors

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13
Q

Lateral Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Distal muscles

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14
Q

Medial Anterior horn contains

A

Motor neurons of
Proximal / Axial muscles

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15
Q

Projection neuron’s soma located in

A

Lamina I, III-IV

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16
Q

Types of Interneurons

A
  • Propriospinal (Excitatory)
  • Local
  • Inhibitory
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17
Q

Short vs Long Propriospinal interneurons

A

Short: Lamina IX
Long: Deep dorsal horn, Lamina VII, Lamina X

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18
Q

Propriospinal / Intersegmental tracts

A
  • Interfasicular Tract (Comma tract of schultz) [cervical]
  • Septomariginal Fasiculus (Oval area of flechsig) [thoracic]
  • Cornucomissural Tract (philippe-gombault triangle) [sacral]
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19
Q

Types of Local interneurons

A
  • Commissural Interneuron
  • Intercalated Interneuron
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20
Q

Commissural Interneuron

A

Crosses the midline to the other side without leaving the spinal cord

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21
Q

Intercalated Interneuron

A

Receives input from sensory neuron and transmits to motor neuron
(do not cross)

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22
Q

Distribution of inhibitory interneurons

A
  • Supf. Dorsal horn in laminae I-III
  • Deep Dorsal horn in laminae IV-VI
  • Ventral horn in laminae VII-IX
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23
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Supf. Dorsal horn

A

Decrease nociceptive signaling to Brain

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24
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Deep Dorsal horn

A

Presynaptic inhibition

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25
Q

Inhibitory interneurons in Ventral horn

A
  • Renshaw cells
  • Ia inh. interneurons
  • Ib inh. interneurons
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26
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Recurrent inhibition of overactivation of a-motor neurons

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27
Q

Ia inhibitory internurons

A

Reciprocal inhibition on Antagonist motor neurons
(stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle)

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28
Q

Ib inhibitory interneurons

A

Input from Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) on tendon stretch
If too much tension, a-motor neuron of muscle is inhibited

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29
Q

Skin receptors

A
  • Encapsulated
  • Non-encapsulated (free)
  • Merkel Complexes
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30
Q

Encapsulated skin receptors

A
  • Meissner corpuscle (fine touch)
  • Pacinian corpuscle (vibration)
  • Ruffini corpuscle (stretch)
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31
Q

Non-encapsulated skin receptors

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Hair follicle receptors
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32
Q

Merkel cells sense

A

Touch & Pressure

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33
Q

Types of Intrafusal Fibers (Proprioceptors)

A
  • Nuclear chain fiber
  • Nuclear bag fiber
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34
Q

Nerve ending types in Muscle spindles

A
  • Flower spray (a-y fiber, stretch)
  • Annulospiral (a-a fiber, length & velocity)
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35
Q

Type C nerve fiber

A

Only unmyelinated fiber
Postganglionic, nociceptor

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36
Q

Type B nerve fiber

A

Preganglionic autonomic fiber

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37
Q

Type Aa nerve fiber

A

A-Ia = Annulospiral ending
A-Ib = Golgi tendon organ

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38
Q

Type B nerve fiber

A
  • Skin mechanoceptors
  • Flower spray ending
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39
Q

Type Ay nerve fiber

A

y motorneuron
(Intrafusal fibers)

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40
Q

Type A-delta nerve fiber

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
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41
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A
  • Proprioceptive
  • Myotactic
  • Stretch reflexes
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42
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A
  • Nociceptive
  • Withdrawal
  • Ipsilateral flexor
  • Contralateral extensor
  • Autonomic reflexes
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43
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex
Patellar ligament hit, Quad. fem. elongated, triggers reflex to contract
+ Reciprocal inhib. of Hamstring mm. (antagonistic)

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44
Q

y-loop regulation

A

1) y-motor neuron axon to intrafusal fibers, stretch in muscle
2) Annulospiral sense (Ia) and send to spinal cord
3) a-motor neuron activates extrafusal fibers
4) Full muscle contraction
5) Important for balance, posture, fine motor control

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45
Q

Co-release vs Co-transmission

A
  • Co-release: presynapsis can release different NTs from same vesicle.
  • Co-transmission: presynapsis releases different NTs from separate vesicles (different Ca2+ sensitivities)
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46
Q

Main Parts of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Allocortex (Older)
  • Isocortex (Newer)
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47
Q

Allocortex parts

A
  • Paleocortex (paleopallium, rhinencephalon): 4 layers, olfactory system.
  • Archicortex (archipalleum): 3 layers, memory, limbic system
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48
Q

Isocortex parts

A

Neocortex: 6 layers, 90% of cerebral mantle, higher order brain function

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49
Q

Stellate cells

A

Interneuron in Neocortex
(GABA)

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50
Q

Glial cell examples

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
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51
Q

What forms BBB

A

Astrocytes

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52
Q

Oligodendrocyte function

A

Created myelin sheath in CNS
(like Schwann in PNS)

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53
Q

Microglia function

A

Macrophages of the CNS
Derived from from Mesoderm
(others neuroectoderm)

54
Q

Staining of Isocortex/Neocortex

A
  • Golgi-impregnation: Whole cell
  • Nissl stain: Perikarya & Dendrites (rER of neuron)
  • Myelin s. stain: Axons (show direction)
55
Q

Layers of Neocortex

A

1) Stratum Moleculare / Zonale / Plexiforme
2) Stratum Granulosum Externum
3) Stratum Pyramidale Externum
4) Stratum Granulosum Internum
5) Stratum Pyramidale Internum
6) Stratum Multiforme

56
Q

What Layer has small Pyramidal cells

A

Stratum Pyramidale Externum (III)

57
Q

What layer has Large Pyramidal cells & their name

A

Stratum Gangliosum (V)
Betz Cells (only in Motor)

58
Q

3 Tracts within CNS

A
  • Association Tracts
  • Commissural Tracts
  • Projection Tracts
59
Q

Association Tracts

A

Connect different areas of the same hemisphere
(fasciculi)

60
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Cross the Midline connecting same cortical regions of different hemispheres
(e.g corpus callosum)

61
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Connect cortex with other areas of CNS
(Brainstem, Spinal Cord)

62
Q

Layer III (str. pyramidale ext.)
Connections

A

Efferent
Cortico-Cortical projections
Can innervate all other layers

63
Q

Layer IV (str. granulosum int.)
Connections

A

Afferent
Receives specific Thalamo-Cortical inputs
All sensory info except smell.

64
Q

Layer V (str. Pyramidale int)
Connections

A

Efferent
Subcortical projections
Efferent tracts of pyramidal cells towards motor neurons

65
Q

Layer VI (str. multiforme)
Connections

A

Efferent
Cortico-Thalamic projections
Projections to the thalamus

66
Q

Receptors of sensory tracts

A
  • Exteroceptor (pain, temp, touch)
  • Proprioceptor (muscle, joint)
67
Q

Intracerebral Pathway Parts

A
  • Limbic system (emotion, memory)
  • Basal ganglia (movements)
68
Q

2 Methods of Brain Imaging

A
  • FMRI: cortical area stimulation (O2)
  • DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
69
Q

Functional units of the Cortex, Size, Cell count

A

Cortical Columns (2 million total)
200-300 μm in diameter, 2.5-3 mm high
~5000 cells per column

70
Q

Brodmann 4

A

Primary Motor cortex
(Precentral Gyrus)

71
Q

Brodmann 6

A

Secondary Motor area
(front of Precentral Sulcus)

72
Q

Brodmann 3, 1, 2

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex
(Postcentral gyrus)

73
Q

Brodmann 17

A

Primary Visual Center
(Area striata, both sides of calcarine sulcus) Occipital lobe

74
Q

Brodmann 18, 19

A

Secondary & Tertiary Visual centers
(Area parastriata) Occipital lobe

75
Q

Brodmann 22

A

Sensory Speach Area / Wernicke’s Area
(superior temporal Gyrus)

76
Q

Brodmann 41, 42

A

Primary Hearing Center
(Heschl gyri, lower side of lateral sulcus) Temporal

77
Q

Brodmann 43

A

Taste center
(inferior postcentral gyrus, insula)

78
Q

Brodmann 44, 45

A

Motor Speach Area / Broca’s Area
(Frontal Lobe)

79
Q

Brodmann 51

A

Primary Olfactory center
(temporal Lobe)

80
Q

Brodmann 28

A

Secondary Olfactory center
(surface of parahippocampal gyrus)

81
Q

Multimodal Association Cortices

A

Receive info from more than one origin:
- Parietal Multimodal Cortex
- Temporal Multimodal Cortex
- Prefrontal Cortex

82
Q

Parietal Multimodal Association Cortex Parts & Functions

A
  • Lateral: hearing, vision, speach.
  • Superior: hand movement
  • Posterior: spacial awareness
83
Q

Temporal Multimodal Association Cortex

A

Integrates Visual and Auditory Information
(Memory of faces, people)

84
Q

Prefrontal Cortex Parts & Functions

A
  • Dorsolateral: planning, working memory, motor program.
  • Ventrolateral: recognition, understanding.
  • Orbitofrontal: emotion, motivation, social behavior
85
Q

Sympathetic Neurons location

A

T1 - L2 of Lateral Horn

86
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

A
  • Paravertebral Chain (sup. mid. inf cervical ggl)
  • Preaortic ggl. (celiac, sup. inf. mesenteric)
87
Q

Preganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine
(Both)

88
Q

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine
Sympathetic: NE

89
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons location

A
  • Brainstem (nuclei)
  • S2 - S4
90
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia

A
  • Ciliary ggl
  • Lacrimal ggl
  • Pterygopalatine ggl
  • Submandibular ggl
91
Q

Autonomous Reflex importance

A

1) Pain signal from an organ travels to the dorsal root ggl.
2) Causes stimulation of Symp/Parasymp stystem.
3) Can cause deferred pain

92
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Network of neurons in the brainstem
  • Extends from the spinal cord to the midbrain, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus
  • (arousal & wakefulness)
93
Q

Biogenic Amines in Brain Stem

A
  • Noradrenergic
  • Adrenergic
  • Dopaminergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Ascending reticular activating system
  • Histaminergic/Serotoninergic
94
Q

Noradrenergic Cell groups

A
  • Clusters of Neurons producing NE
  • A1 - A7 (medulla to midbrain)
  • A6 Locus Cereuolus (pons)
    (amygdala, hipocamp, cingulate gyrus)
95
Q

Adrenergic Cell groups

A
  • C1-C3
  • Medulla Oblongata
96
Q

Dopaminergic Cell groups

A
  • A8-A16 (midbrain)
  • A9 (substantia nigra)
  • A10 (Ventral Tegmental Area)!!
97
Q

Serotoninergic Cell groups

A
  • B1-B9 (medulla to midbrain)
  • Reaches every part of brain completely (sleep)
98
Q

Cholinergic Cell groups

A
  • Under inferior frontal lobe
  • Memory formation
  • Somatomotor nuclei of CN 3,4,6 eye movement
99
Q

Reticular formation can be classified into 3 groups of Nuclei

A
  • Median Nuclei group
  • Paramedian Nuclei group
  • Lateral Nuclei
100
Q

Median Nuclei group
(reticular formation)

A

Contains Raphe Nuclei (Seretonergic!)
- Nucleus raphe obscurus & magnus (analgesic)
- Pontine & Median raphe nuclei (serotonin)
- Post. raphe nuclei (sleep/wale)

101
Q

Paramedian Nuclei group
(reticular formation)

A
  • Locus ceruleus (NE)
  • Pneumotaxic region
  • Dopaminergic part in mesencephalon
102
Q

Levels of Regulation of Autonomic System

A

1) Spinal Cord level
2) Supraspinal Level (brainstem) -eg: solitary tract, CNX
3) Central autonomous reg.

103
Q

Types of Thalamic Nuclei

A
  • Relay
  • Reticular
  • Intralaminar
104
Q

Epicritic Sensation

A

Fine touch, vibration
- Fasiculus Gracilis
- Fasiculus Cuneatus

105
Q

Protopathic Sensation

A

Pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure
- Lateral Spinothalamic tract
- Anterior Spinothalamic tract

106
Q

Proprioception

A

Position sense
- Posterior Spinocerebellar t
- Anterior Spinocerebellar t

107
Q

Somatosensory pathway (medial lem.)

A

1) Pseudounipolar sensory neuron in DRG
2) Ascend ipsilaterally as Gracile/Cuneate Fascilcles
2) Gracilis & Cuneate nuclei in Medulla Oblongata
3) Axons cross midline (int. Arcuate fibers) and travel as Medial Lemniscus
4) VPL of Thalamus

108
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Protopathic sensation
(pain, temp, tickle, itch)

109
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic tract sensation

A

Protopathic
Crude touch & Pressure

110
Q

2 Types of pain impulses to CNS

A
  • Ay fiber fast initial sharp pain
  • C fibers prolonged burning aching pain
111
Q

Spinothalamic tract pathway

A

1) Skin receptors to DRG
2) Axons can go up or down in tract of Lissauer
3) Terminate on Lamina II (sub. gelatinosa)
4) Axons cross through Anterior White Comissure
5) Fibers form Spinal Lemniscus
6) VPL of Thalamus

112
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts sensation

A

Proprioception

113
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

1) DRG to Clarke’s Lamina VII
2) Ascend Ipsilaterally
3) Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
4) Axons terminate with Mossy fibers at str. granulosim Cerebellar cortex
(Below T6)

114
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract pathway

A

1) DRG to Dorsal Grey Horn (L4-S3)
2) Cross midline at anterior white commissure
3) Ascend Contralaterally
4) Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
5) Many fibers cross back to Ipsilateral side (2nd cross) in cerebellum
(Below L3)

115
Q

Trigeminal Epicritic Sensation Pathway

A

1) Trigeminal ggl
2) Principal nucleus (pontine/chief)
3) Crossed and Uncrossed axons in Trigeminothalamic tract
4)VPM of Thalamus

116
Q

Trigeminal Protopathic Sensation Pathway

A

1) Trigeminal ggl
2) Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
3) Axons cross and ascend
4) VPM of Thalamus (contralateral)

117
Q

Trigeminal Proprioception (Trigeminal Lemniscus)

A

Proprioceptive info from masticatory mm. + Epicritic sens. + Protopathic sens.

118
Q

Main Autonomic Nucleus of Brainstem

A

Solitary Tract Nucleus
(NTS)

119
Q

Spinoreticulothalamic Afferent Pathway

A

1) DRG
2) Contralateral
3) Lat. Spinothalamic tract
4) Some fibers to R.F - Parabrachial & Periaqueductal nuclei
5) MD & Intralaminar nuc. Thalamus
6) dors. post. insula, ant. cingulate g, secondary sens. cortex.

120
Q

Subregions of Solitary Nucleus

A
  • Gustatory Nucleus
  • Baroreceptor Nucleus
  • Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus
  • Commissural Nucleus (lat. ala cinerea)
121
Q

Diencephalic Relay gets info from

A
  • Spinothalamic Tract
  • Reticular Formation
122
Q

Posterior part of Insula is called

A

Viscerosensory Cortex

123
Q

Tripartite Model of Pain

A

1) Sensory-Discriminative aspect
2) Affective-Motivational aspect
3) Cognitive-Evaluative aspect

124
Q

How to Tricyclic Antidepressants work?

A

Increase levels of NE and Serotonin by Inhibition of reuptake from the synapses

125
Q

Where are inhibitory interneurons of Gate-control-theory found?

A

Lamina II of Dorsal Horn

126
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain from damage to Somatosensory system

127
Q

Nociplastic pain

A

Altered pain processing in nervous system without any apparent damage to peripheral nerves

128
Q

What % of Corticospinal fibers decussate and form the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

90%
Control Distal limb muscles

129
Q

What % of Corticospinal fibers continue straight and form the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

10%
Control Proximal muscles (posture)

130
Q

Steps of Visceromotor Pathway

A

1) Type B fibers
2) Autonomic ggl
3) Type C fibers to organ
4) Smooth/Cardiac mm, glands

131
Q

Spinal reflex Symp vs Parasymp Efferentation

A
  • Parasympathetic: intermediomedial nucleus
  • Sympathetic: intermediolateral nucleus
132
Q

Special Sympathetic innervation of Adrenal Medulla

A

Only receives Preganglionic fibers for the release of Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Histology (10 decks)

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