NEURO EXAM 2 2

Question 1

involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing

Answer 1

hippocampus

Question 2

as a limbic structure, the hippocampus is important in

Answer 2

connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. also recognizing faces of individuals.

Question 3

the hippocampus sends memories out to appropriate cerebral hemisphere for

Answer 3

longterm-storage and retrieval

Question 4

structures of the diencephalon

Answer 4

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Question 5

the main functions of the diencephalon

Answer 5

relays sensory information between brain regions, autonomic control of the pns. connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system.

Question 6

the diencephalon in the sub cortex works inconjunction with the ______ to generate and manage ____and ____.

Answer 6

in conjunction with the -limbic system- to generate and manage -emotions- and -memories-

Question 7

connects the cortex to the rest of the body

Answer 7

diencephalon.

Question 8

specific functions of the diecephalon

Answer 8

homeostasis!!
directing sense impulses throughout the body
autonomic, endoccrin and motor function control
hearing, vision, taste
touch perception.

Question 9

the body’s sensory relay station: involved in sensory perception and regulation of motorfunctions.

Answer 9

thalamus

Question 10

as a limbic structure, the thalamus connects areas of the ____involved in perception and movement with related parts of the ____and ____ ____.

Answer 10

connects areas of the cortex; [to] brain and spinal cord

Question 11

the thalamus is a regulator of sensory information, and it controls ____ and _____ ____ states of consciousness

Answer 11

sleep and awak states of consciousness.

Question 12

control center for many autonomic functions of the PNS

Answer 12

hypothalamus

Question 13

the hypothalamus has connections with structures of endocrine and nervous systems that enable maitenance of ________.

Answer 13

homeostasis.

Question 14

there is a blood vessel conection between the hpyothalamus and the ____ _____ in the endocrine system. that allos controle of _____hormone secretion.

Answer 14

connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, control of scretion of pituitary hormone.

Question 15

as a structure within the limbic system, the hypothalamus influences

Answer 15

emotional responses.

Question 16

the epithalamus function is secretion of___

Answer 16

mealatonin by the pineal gland (circadian rhythms) and regulation of motor pathways and emotions.

Question 17

the subthalamus is involved in the control of

Answer 17

striated muscle.

Question 18

ensures constant blood supply to the brain through its created redundancies. aka provides nutrients and waste removal, constant supply.

Answer 18

circle of willis

Question 19

if part of the circle of willis is blocked or narrowed blood flow from other blood vessels can often preserve

Answer 19

the cerebral perfusion.

Question 20

system of blood vessels

Answer 20

veins

Question 21

veins provide the means of draining ____ ____ ____ blood to the lungs from _____

Answer 21

carbon-dioxide-laden blood to the lungs from reoxygenation.

Question 22

obstruction in cerebrovascular supply typically occurs as

Answer 22

thrombus or embolism.

Question 23

thrombus

Answer 23

a foreign body (blood clot) that obstructs blood vessel.

Question 24

embolism

Answer 24

when a thrombus breaks loose from its site of formation and floats through bloodstream and causes occlusion.

Question 25

the anatomy of the brain stem is made up of these three things

Answer 25

medulla, pons midbrain

Question 26

where cranial nerves arise from and where basic bodily functions of life are maintained here.

Answer 26

the brain stem

Question 27

portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions (digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, sneezing)

Answer 27

medulla oblongata

Question 28

the medulla oblongota has _____________ from midbrain and forebrain

Answer 28

motor and sensory neurons

Question 29

relay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. and coordination of body movements

Answer 29

medulla oblongata

Question 30

connects the cerebral cortex with the medula oblongata

Answer 30

pons

Question 31

communication and coordination center between the two cerebral hemispheres. helps in transferring of messages between brain and spinal cord

Answer 31

pons

Question 32

the functions of the pons

Answer 32

arousal, controlling autonomic functions, relaying sense info between cerebrum and cerebellum, sleep.

Question 33

the ____ and ____ make up the brain stem

Answer 33

midbrain and hindbrain

Question 34

connects hindbrain and the forebrain

Answer 34

midbrain

Question 35

the midbrain is involved in ____ and ____ responses as well as motor function

Answer 35

_auditory_ and _visual_ responses as well as motor function.

Question 36

a group of nerve fibers located inside the brainstem (spans the medulla pons and midbrain)

Answer 36

reticular formation aka the reticular activating system

Question 37

functions of the reticular formation

Answer 37

arousal attention cardiac relexes motorfunctions regulates awareness relays nerve signals to the cerebral cortex sleep

Question 38

the information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body

Answer 38

the spinal cord

Question 39

the spinal cord is made up of a _____________, with both cell bodies and projections from (and to) those neurons

Answer 39

a long mass of neurons

Question 40

in the spinal cord,gray portions are ______ and white portions are the ______ that communicate info to and from the brain.

Answer 40

gray portions are neuron cell bodies, and white portions are the myelinated fibers of tracts , that communicate info to and from the brain.

Question 41

these tracts, such as the corticospinal tract, transmit information from the brain to spinal nerves.

Answer 41

efferent (motor) tracts.

Question 42

these tracts, such as the spinothalmic tract, transmit info concerning the physical state of limbs and trunk to higher brain centers

Answer 42

afferent (sensory) tracts.

Question 43

the spinal cord begins at the _________ __ ____and courses through the _____________ ____

Answer 43

begins at the magnum of skul and courses through teh vertebral canal.

Question 44

the spinal cord is safely protexted by a long tube made up of ______

Answer 44

connective tissue (the meningeal linings)

Question 45

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cervical spinal nerves

Answer 45

8 pairs

Question 46

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the thoracic nerves?

Answer 46

12

Question 47

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the lumbar and sacral nerves?

Answer 47

5 pairs.

Question 48

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the coccygeal nerves?

Answer 48

1 pair.

Question 49

what is responsible for coordinating motor commands with sensory inputs to control movement? and also plays a significant role as memory and motor functions and even cognitive...

Answer 49

the cerebellum, cognitive processing.

Question 50

the cerebellum communicates with

Answer 50

brain stem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex.

Question 51

the cerebellum communicates with the brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex by means of__ ___ and __ ___

Answer 51

by means of superior, middle, and inferior peduncles.

Question 52

the cerebellum is composed of two hemispheres the ____ separates the two lobes

Answer 52

vermis

Question 53

motor functions of the cerebellum

Answer 53

planning monitoring, and correctino using sensory feedback. coordinates fine motor activity.

Question 54

linguistic functions of the cerebellum

Answer 54

perception of speech/language, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing and reading.

Question 55

the finger to nose test, diadochokinesis test (putuku) are used to test

Answer 55

the cerebellum (uncoordinated sloppy movement may indicate cerebllar damage)

Question 56

ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, nystagmus, ataxic dysarthria, and hypotonia are symptoms of

Answer 56

possible cerebellar damage.

Question 57

discoordinated, clumsy movements

Answer 57

ataxia.

Question 58

over-or undershooting touching a mark.

Answer 58

dysmetria

Question 59

slurred or scanning (broken into syllables) speech

Answer 59

ataxic dysarthria

Question 60

reduced muscle tone and reflexes; muscle tire

Answer 60

hypotonia.

Question 61

cerebellar hemispheral syndrome and friedreich ataxia are ___ ____>

Answer 61

cerebellar disorders.

Question 62

annual incidence of strke.

Answer 62

~795,000 ( many first time).

Question 63

stroks are the ____ leading cause of d in the us (decrease from 3rd).

Answer 63

5th/

Question 64

the leading cause of preventable disability.

Answer 64

strks.

Question 65

strs cost the us an estimated $___ anually.

Answer 65

$34 billion.

Question 66

what is a stk?

Answer 66

a suddene interruprtion of blood supply to the brain causing neurological deficits. 2 types ischemic or hemorrhagic.

Question 67

ischemic stkr.

Answer 67

blockage.

Question 68

hemorrhagic stke.

Answer 68

burst.

Question 69

effects of ta stke dpend on________________________-/.

Answer 69

which part of the brain is injured.

Question 70

time of onset or aka_____.

Answer 70

last known well. want to figure it our. can use times of reference like television or the time of the basketball game started.

Question 71

witnessed symptom onset is.

Answer 71

the time of onset.

Question 72

if you did not witness symptom onset then ___.

Answer 72

last seen at basline health/function.

Question 73

if the patient woke up with symptoms:.

Answer 73

find out the last seen at paseling-usually when paitent went to bed or in middle of night if patient witnessed to be normal.

Question 74

ABC- BP, HR, O2 sats, finger stick for blood glucose, focused history and neurological examinations are all part of strke _____.

Answer 74

assessment.

Question 75

why do they do a finger stick for blood glucose?

Answer 75

because hypoglycemia symptoms can mimic strke.

Question 76

focused history of paitents should be________-.

Answer 76

recent events (trauma surgery etc), list of patient meds (specifically anticoagulants, antiplatelets, insuling and hypertensive use), and ask for comorbid conditions.

Question 77

CNI

Answer 77

olafactory nerve, major function: smell

Question 78

CNII

Answer 78

optic nerve, major function: visual acuity and visual fields.

Question 79

CN III

Answer 79

oculomotor, puils, raises upper eyelid.

Question 80

CN IV

Answer 80

trochlear, depresses eye when adducted.

Question 81

CN VI

Answer 81

Abducens, lateral eye movements.

Question 82

CN V

Answer 82

trigeminal nerve, face and mouth touch/pain. chewing.

Question 83

CN VII

Answer 83

facial nerve, facial expression

Question 84

CN VIII

Answer 84

vestibulocochlear nerve, hearing and balance.

Question 85

CN IX

Answer 85

glossopharyngeal, taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue. and sensation to pharynx.

Question 86

CN X

Answer 86

vagus nerve, palate movements and vocal cords.

Question 87

CN XI

Answer 87

spinal acessory nerve, raises shoulder and rotates and tilts head.

Question 88

CN XII

Answer 88

hypoglossal nerve, major function: tongue movements.

Question 89

measures density of tissues and the structures are decribed in terms of their density.

Answer 89

CT scan

Question 90

xray beam is rotated around the paitent and xray data are reconstructed by cpu to obtain detail. as an xray passes through the patient it is patially abosobed by tissues, what is it?

Answer 90

a ct scan

Question 91

what is hyper dense on a ct scan.

Answer 91

white= bone, calcification, hemorrhage contrast.

Question 92

what is hyodense on a ct scan?

Answer 92

dark/black: air, csf

Question 93

what is isodense on a ct scan?

Answer 93

bran parenchyma.

Question 94

ct scan are slow and cost effective t/f

Answer 94

false ct scans are fast -5mins! and cost effective.

Question 95

ct scans are highly sensitive for____.

Answer 95

hemorrhage.

Question 96

disadvantages of a ct scan.

Answer 96

radation, not sensitive for acute infarction, susceptible to bone artifact, difficult to identify small infarcts.a

Question 97

a normal CBF threshold is between ___-____ml/100g/minv.

Answer 97

20-30 ml/100g/minv.

Question 98

the goal of emergency intervention is to.

Answer 98

open up the vessel as soon as possible to minimize irreversible damage.

Question 99

assessment that takes lass than 5 minutes, uses a bolus (of about 80-100ml) of iodinated non ionic contrast agent. its better for larger vessels and calcified plagues.

Answer 99

CT angiogram

Question 100

intensity of a mri signal is based on____ and _____---.

Answer 100

proton density and relaxation time.

Question 101

what can detext ischema within 3-30 minutes.

Answer 101

dwi.

Question 102

advantages of brain mri.

Answer 102

high contrast and resolation, sensitive for small leasions, good for posterior fossa, no radiation.

Question 103

disadvantages of an mri

Answer 103

takes long, costly, not ideal for bone.

Question 104

type of hemotoma that is often accompanied by sull fractures and the externt of the hemorr is limited by sutres.

Answer 104

epidural hematom.

Question 105

type of hematoma less likely to be acutely symptomatic, crosses sutre lines, and is caused by injury to venous structures, less likely to be accompanied with sull frac.

Answer 105

subdural hema.

Question 106

type of hemorhage, that is traumatic or secondary to aneurysm tupture.

Answer 106

subarachnoid.