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neuroscience in communication science and disorders > NEURO EXAM 2 2 > Flashcards

NEURO EXAM 2 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing

A

hippocampus

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2
Q

as a limbic structure, the hippocampus is important in

A

connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. also recognizing faces of individuals.

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3
Q

the hippocampus sends memories out to appropriate cerebral hemisphere for

A

longterm-storage and retrieval

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4
Q

structures of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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5
Q

the main functions of the diencephalon

A

relays sensory information between brain regions, autonomic control of the pns. connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system.

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6
Q

the diencephalon in the sub cortex works inconjunction with the ______ to generate and manage ____and ____.

A

in conjunction with the -limbic system- to generate and manage -emotions- and -memories-

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7
Q

connects the cortex to the rest of the body

A

diencephalon.

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8
Q

specific functions of the diecephalon

A

homeostasis!!
directing sense impulses throughout the body
autonomic, endoccrin and motor function control
hearing, vision, taste
touch perception.

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9
Q

the body’s sensory relay station: involved in sensory perception and regulation of motorfunctions.

A

thalamus

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10
Q

as a limbic structure, the thalamus connects areas of the ____involved in perception and movement with related parts of the ____and ____ ____.

A

connects areas of the cortex; [to] brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

the thalamus is a regulator of sensory information, and it controls ____ and _____ ____ states of consciousness

A

sleep and awak states of consciousness.

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12
Q

control center for many autonomic functions of the PNS

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

the hypothalamus has connections with structures of endocrine and nervous systems that enable maitenance of ________.

A

homeostasis.

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14
Q

there is a blood vessel conection between the hpyothalamus and the ____ _____ in the endocrine system. that allos controle of _____hormone secretion.

A

connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, control of scretion of pituitary hormone.

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15
Q

as a structure within the limbic system, the hypothalamus influences

A

emotional responses.

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16
Q

the epithalamus function is secretion of___

A

mealatonin by the pineal gland (circadian rhythms) and regulation of motor pathways and emotions.

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17
Q

the subthalamus is involved in the control of

A

striated muscle.

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18
Q

ensures constant blood supply to the brain through its created redundancies. aka provides nutrients and waste removal, constant supply.

A

circle of willis

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19
Q

if part of the circle of willis is blocked or narrowed blood flow from other blood vessels can often preserve

A

the cerebral perfusion.

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20
Q

system of blood vessels

A

veins

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21
Q

veins provide the means of draining ____ ____ ____ blood to the lungs from _____

A

carbon-dioxide-laden blood to the lungs from reoxygenation.

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22
Q

obstruction in cerebrovascular supply typically occurs as

A

thrombus or embolism.

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23
Q

thrombus

A

a foreign body (blood clot) that obstructs blood vessel.

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24
Q

embolism

A

when a thrombus breaks loose from its site of formation and floats through bloodstream and causes occlusion.

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25
Q

the anatomy of the brain stem is made up of these three things

A

medulla, pons midbrain

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26
Q

where cranial nerves arise from and where basic bodily functions of life are maintained here.

A

the brain stem

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27
Q

portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions (digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, sneezing)

A

medulla oblongata

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28
Q

the medulla oblongota has _____________ from midbrain and forebrain

A

motor and sensory neurons

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29
Q

relay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. and coordination of body movements

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

connects the cerebral cortex with the medula oblongata

A

pons

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31
Q

communication and coordination center between the two cerebral hemispheres. helps in transferring of messages between brain and spinal cord

A

pons

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32
Q

the functions of the pons

A

arousal, controlling autonomic functions, relaying sense info between cerebrum and cerebellum, sleep.

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33
Q

the ____ and ____ make up the brain stem

A

midbrain and hindbrain

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34
Q

connects hindbrain and the forebrain

A

midbrain

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35
Q

the midbrain is involved in ____ and ____ responses as well as motor function

A

auditory and visual responses as well as motor function.

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36
Q

a group of nerve fibers located inside the brainstem (spans the medulla pons and midbrain)

A

reticular formation aka the reticular activating system

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37
Q

functions of the reticular formation

A

arousal
attention
cardiac relexes
motorfunctions
regulates awareness
relays nerve signals to the cerebral cortex
sleep

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38
Q

the information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body

A

the spinal cord

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39
Q

the spinal cord is made up of a _____________, with both cell bodies and projections from (and to) those neurons

A

a long mass of neurons

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40
Q

in the spinal cord,gray portions are ______ and white portions are the ______ that communicate info to and from the brain.

A

gray portions are neuron cell bodies, and white portions are the myelinated fibers of tracts , that communicate info to and from the brain.

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41
Q

these tracts, such as the corticospinal tract, transmit information from the brain to spinal nerves.

A

efferent (motor) tracts.

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42
Q

these tracts, such as the spinothalmic tract, transmit info concerning the physical state of limbs and trunk to higher brain centers

A

afferent (sensory) tracts.

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43
Q

the spinal cord begins at the _________ __ ____and courses through the _____________ ____

A

begins at the magnum of skul and courses through teh vertebral canal.

44
Q

the spinal cord is safely protexted by a long tube made up of ______

A

connective tissue (the meningeal linings)

45
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the cervical spinal nerves

A

8 pairs

46
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the thoracic nerves?

A

12

47
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the lumbar and sacral nerves?

A

5 pairs.

48
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the coccygeal nerves?

A

1 pair.

49
Q

what is responsible for coordinating motor commands with sensory inputs to control movement? and also plays a significant role as memory and motor functions and even cognitive…

A

the cerebellum, cognitive processing.

50
Q

the cerebellum communicates with

A

brain stem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex.

51
Q

the cerebellum communicates with the brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex by means of__ ___ and __ ___

A

by means of superior, middle, and inferior peduncles.

52
Q

the cerebellum is composed of two hemispheres the ____ separates the two lobes

A

vermis

53
Q

motor functions of the cerebellum

A

planning monitoring, and correctino using sensory feedback. coordinates fine motor activity.

54
Q

linguistic functions of the cerebellum

A

perception of speech/language, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing and reading.

55
Q

the finger to nose test, diadochokinesis test (putuku) are used to test

A

the cerebellum (uncoordinated sloppy movement may indicate cerebllar damage)

56
Q

ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, nystagmus, ataxic dysarthria, and hypotonia are symptoms of

A

possible cerebellar damage.

57
Q

discoordinated, clumsy movements

A

ataxia.

58
Q

over-or undershooting touching a mark.

A

dysmetria

59
Q

slurred or scanning (broken into syllables) speech

A

ataxic dysarthria

60
Q

reduced muscle tone and reflexes; muscle tire

A

hypotonia.

61
Q

cerebellar hemispheral syndrome and friedreich ataxia are ___ ____>

A

cerebellar disorders.

62
Q

annual incidence of strke.

A

~795,000 ( many first time).

63
Q

stroks are the ____ leading cause of d in the us (decrease from 3rd).

A

5th/

64
Q

the leading cause of preventable disability.

A

strks.

65
Q

strs cost the us an estimated $___ anually.

A

$34 billion.

66
Q

what is a stk?

A

a suddene interruprtion of blood supply to the brain causing neurological deficits. 2 types ischemic or hemorrhagic.

67
Q

ischemic stkr.

A

blockage.

68
Q

hemorrhagic stke.

A

burst.

69
Q

effects of ta stke dpend on________________________-/.

A

which part of the brain is injured.

70
Q

time of onset or aka_____.

A

last known well. want to figure it our. can use times of reference like television or the time of the basketball game started.

71
Q

witnessed symptom onset is.

A

the time of onset.

72
Q

if you did not witness symptom onset then ___.

A

last seen at basline health/function.

73
Q

if the patient woke up with symptoms:.

A

find out the last seen at paseling-usually when paitent went to bed or in middle of night if patient witnessed to be normal.

74
Q

ABC- BP, HR, O2 sats, finger stick for blood glucose, focused history and neurological examinations are all part of strke _____.

A

assessment.

75
Q

why do they do a finger stick for blood glucose?

A

because hypoglycemia symptoms can mimic strke.

76
Q

focused history of paitents should be________-.

A

recent events (trauma surgery etc), list of patient meds (specifically anticoagulants, antiplatelets, insuling and hypertensive use), and ask for comorbid conditions.

77
Q

CNI

A

olafactory nerve, major function: smell

78
Q

CNII

A

optic nerve, major function: visual acuity and visual fields.

79
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor, puils, raises upper eyelid.

80
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear, depresses eye when adducted.

81
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens, lateral eye movements.

82
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal nerve, face and mouth touch/pain. chewing.

83
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve, facial expression

84
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear nerve, hearing and balance.

85
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal, taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue. and sensation to pharynx.

86
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve, palate movements and vocal cords.

87
Q

CN XI

A

spinal acessory nerve, raises shoulder and rotates and tilts head.

88
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve, major function: tongue movements.

89
Q

measures density of tissues and the structures are decribed in terms of their density.

A

CT scan

90
Q

xray beam is rotated around the paitent and xray data are reconstructed by cpu to obtain detail. as an xray passes through the patient it is patially abosobed by tissues, what is it?

A

a ct scan

91
Q

what is hyper dense on a ct scan.

A

white= bone, calcification, hemorrhage contrast.

92
Q

what is hyodense on a ct scan?

A

dark/black: air, csf

93
Q

what is isodense on a ct scan?

A

bran parenchyma.

94
Q

ct scan are slow and cost effective t/f

A

false ct scans are fast -5mins! and cost effective.

95
Q

ct scans are highly sensitive for____.

A

hemorrhage.

96
Q

disadvantages of a ct scan.

A

radation, not sensitive for acute infarction, susceptible to bone artifact, difficult to identify small infarcts.a

97
Q

a normal CBF threshold is between ___-____ml/100g/minv.

A

20-30 ml/100g/minv.

98
Q

the goal of emergency intervention is to.

A

open up the vessel as soon as possible to minimize irreversible damage.

99
Q

assessment that takes lass than 5 minutes, uses a bolus (of about 80-100ml) of iodinated non ionic contrast agent. its better for larger vessels and calcified plagues.

A

CT angiogram

100
Q

intensity of a mri signal is based on____ and _____—.

A

proton density and relaxation time.

101
Q

what can detext ischema within 3-30 minutes.

A

dwi.

102
Q

advantages of brain mri.

A

high contrast and resolation, sensitive for small leasions, good for posterior fossa, no radiation.

103
Q

disadvantages of an mri

A

takes long, costly, not ideal for bone.

104
Q

type of hemotoma that is often accompanied by sull fractures and the externt of the hemorr is limited by sutres.

A

epidural hematom.

105
Q

type of hematoma less likely to be acutely symptomatic, crosses sutre lines, and is caused by injury to venous structures, less likely to be accompanied with sull frac.

A

subdural hema.

106
Q

type of hemorhage, that is traumatic or secondary to aneurysm tupture.

A

subarachnoid.

107
Q
A

neuroscience in communication science and disorders (7 decks)

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