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Monica's TCC Tri 3 Cards > Neuro - Diencephalon > Flashcards

Neuro - Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the Diencephalon?

A

All structures with the term THALAMUS in their name

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
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2
Q

Of the structues that make up the Diencephalon, which is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

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3
Q

What is the orientation of the Hypothalamus in relation to the Thalamus?

A

Inferior/anterior to the thalamus

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4
Q

What is the orientation of the Epithalamus in relation to the Thalamus?

A

Superior/posterior to the thalamus

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5
Q

What structures make up the Epithalamus?

A
  • Pineal body
  • Habenular nuclei
  • Posterior commissure
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6
Q

What is the orientation of the Subthalamus in relation to the Thalamus?

A

Directly inferior to the thalamus (related to basal ganglia)

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7
Q

How would you describe the location of the thalamus?

A
  • Located bilaterally above the midbrain
  • On either side of the 3 ventricle land marks
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8
Q

What is the posterior end of the thalamus called?

A

Pulvinar - overhangs the medial & lateral geniculate bodies

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9
Q

What is the rostral end of the thalamus called?

A

Anterior thalamic tubercle

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10
Q

White matter of the diencephalon

A

Radiates from the Thalamus to Cerbral Cortex

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11
Q

What is the External Medullary Lamina?

A
  • Layer of myelinated fibers
  • On the lateral surface of thalamus (close to internal capsule)
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12
Q

What does the External Medulllary Lamina separate from the rest of the thalamic mass of gray matter?

A

Reticular nucleus

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13
Q

What is the Internal Medullary Lamina of the Thalamus?

A
  • “Y-shaped” vertical sheet of white matter
  • Diveds Gray matter of the thalamus in 3 groups
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14
Q

What are the 3 groups that the Internal Medullary Lamina of the thalamus dived the gray matter into?

A
  • Anterior (between the 2 lines of the “Y”)
  • Medial (on the side of the stem of the “Y”)
  • Lateral (on the side of the stem of the “Y”)
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15
Q

What does the Internal Medullary Lamina of the thalamus contain?

A
  • Fibers connecting thalamic nuclei with one another
  • Neuronal collection called intralaminar nuclei
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16
Q

What are the Thalamic Nuclei?

*** Fair warning, the answer to this card is A LOT but it’s just to give you and over all look of the nuclei of the thalamus, I’ll go in to each one and what they do

A
  • Anterior Nuclei
  • Medial Part: Dorsomedial nucleus
  • Lateral Part: Subdivided into Dorsal Teir / Ventral Teir

Dorsal Teir:

  • Lateral Dorsal Nucleus (LD)
  • Lateral Posterior Nucleus (LP)
  • Pulvinar (P)

Ventral Teir:

  • Ventral Anterior nucleus(VA)
  • Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)
  • Ventral Posterior Nuclus ****

Ventral Posterior Nucleus further subdivides in to:

Vental Posteromedial Nucleus (VPM)

Vental Posterolateral Nucleus (VPL)

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17
Q

What is the Anterior Nuclei of the thalamus responsible for?

A
  • connect with limbic structures
  • exert influcences on emotional states / memory
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18
Q

What is Dorsomedial nucleus (medial part) responsible for?

A

Integrating information and relating the info to the individual’s emotional state for:

  • sensory
  • motor
  • visceral
  • olfactory
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19
Q

What is the function of the Pulvinar of dorsal teir of the lateral part of the thalamus?

A
  • visual processing in higher cortical areas

** pt’s with a pulvinar lesion show deficits in filtering out distracter info, thus making it hard to maintain attention

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20
Q

What is the Vental Anterior Nucleus (VA) responsible for>

(ventral tier of the lateral part of thalamus)

A
  • influences the activities of the motor cortex
  • invloved in plannning/initiating movements
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21
Q

What is the Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL) responsible for?

(in the ventral teir of the lateral part of thalamus)

A
  • Active during both passive/active movement of contralateral parts of the body
  • relays motor feedback from the cerbellum to the cerebral cortex
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22
Q

Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus (VPM) uses what pathway?

(of ventral posterior nucleus in the ventral tier of the lateral part of the thalamus)

A

Trigeminothalamic Pathway

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23
Q

Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus (VPL) uses what pathway?

(of ventral posterior nucleus in the ventral tier of the lateral part of the thalamus)

A

Medial lemniscus

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24
Q

Other Nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  • Intralaminar nuclei
  • Midline nuclei
  • Reticular nucleus
  • Medial geniculate body
  • Latera geniculate body
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25
Q

Where is the Intralaminar nuclei located?

A

Within the Internal Medullary Lamina

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26
Q

Where is the Midline cuclei located?

A

adjacent to 3rd ventricle and in interthalamic adhesion

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27
Q

Where is the Reticular Nucleus located?

A

Between External Medullary Lamina and Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule

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28
Q

Where is the Medial geniculate body located and what is it’s pathway?

A
  • located on posterior surface of thalamus beneath the pulvinar
  • auditory pathway
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29
Q

Where is the Lateral geniculate body located and what is it’s pathway?

A
  • located on the undersurface of thalamus beneath the pulvinar
  • visual pathway
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30
Q

What is the nickname for the Thalamus?

A

“secretarty” to the cerebral cortex

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31
Q

All sensory information except for what, must be processed/inegrated in the thalamus?

A

Oflactory (smell)

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32
Q

The thalamus integrates what type of motor movements?

A

Voluntary motor movements

(via ventral anterior/vental lateral nuclei - VA/VL nuclei)

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33
Q

What affects does the thalamus’ connection with the prefrontal cortex via the dorsomedial nucleus have?

A

affects subjective feelings and personality of individuals

34
Q

What affects does the thalamus’ connection to the limbic system (AN) have?

A

affects emotional status of individuals

35
Q

What could cause ds. to the thalamus?

A
  • tumors
  • decreased blood supply by posterior cerbral artery (PCA)
36
Q

What will you see in Thalamic Pain Syndrom?

A
  • spontaneious/excruciating pn on opposite side of lesion
  • Pn is aroused by light touch / cold / hot
  • Pn does’t respond to powerful analgesic drugs
  • abnormal involuntary mvmts : Choreo-athetosis w/ ataxia
37
Q

What will you see in Thalamic Hand ?

A

Contralater hand will be:

  • pronated
  • flexed
  • metacaropophalangeal jt - flexed
  • interphalangeal jts - extended
38
Q

What is the location of the Hypothalamus?

A

Inferior/anterior to the thalamus

39
Q

What ventricle does the hypothalamus form the floor to?

A

It’s the floor of the 3rd ventricle

40
Q

What is the extent of the hypothalamus (rostral to caudal)?

A

From optic chiasm to mamillary bodies

41
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

42
Q

What are the external landmarks of the hypothalamus?

A
  • optic chiasm
  • infundibulum
  • tuber cinereum & the median eminence
43
Q

What splits the hypothalamus into medial/lateral parts?

A

The fornix

44
Q

Does the medial or lateral part of the hypothalamus contain most of the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

The medial portion

45
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

White matter leaving the hippocampus

46
Q

Where does the hippocampus project to?

A

Mainly to the mamillary bodies

47
Q

Where do the Mammilary bodies project to?

A

Thalamus via the mammillothalamic tracts

48
Q

Which 3 systems does the Hypothalamus subserve?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Limbic System
49
Q

What is the “overall” function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • survival
50
Q

What are the nuclei of the hypothalamus?

*** Fair warning, there are a lot. I will go in to detail over each. This is just an overall view

A
  • Medial Preoptic Nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
  • Anterior Nucleus
  • Paraventricular Nucleus
  • Supraoptic Nucleus
  • Dorsomedal Nucleus
  • Arcuate Nucleus
  • Mammilary Nucleus
  • Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
  • Lateral Hyopthalamic Nucleus
51
Q

What is the Medical Preoptic Nucleus responsible for?

A

Regulates release of gonadotrophic hormones frm the adenohypophysis

Sexual Arousal

52
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus responsible for?

A
  • Receives direct input from the retina
  • Plays a role in Circadian Rhythms (daily rhythms)
53
Q

What is the Anterior Nucleus of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • Plays a role in Temp Regulation
  • Stimulates parasympathetic nervous syst. leading to Vasodilation

​

54
Q

Destruction of the Anterior Nucleus of the Hypothalamus will result in what?

A

Hyperthermia

55
Q

What is the Paraventricular Nucleus responsible for?

A
  • Synthesizes Antidiuretic & Oxytoin Hormone
  • Gives rise to hypothalmohypopyseal tract
  • Regulates Water Balance (conservation)
56
Q

Destruction to the Paraventricular Nucleus will result in what?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

57
Q

What is the Supraoptic Nucleus responsible for?

A

Synthesize Antidiuretic & Oxytocin Hormome

(similar to?…. Paraventricular Nucleus)

58
Q

What is the Dorsomedial Nucleus responsible for?

A

Agressive behavior and rage results when this nucleus is stimulated in animals

(connected with Limbic syst.)

59
Q

What is the Arcuate Nucleus responsible for?

A

Produce hypothalamic relasing/inhibiting hormones that control anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal circulation

60
Q

What is the Mamillary Nucleus responsible for?

A
  • Receives input from Hippcampal formation (through fornix)
  • Projects to Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus via mamillothalamic tract (part of Papez Circut)
  • Processes info related to Emotional Expression
61
Q

What is the Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus responsible for?

A
  • Plays a role in Thermal Regulation (conservation/increased prodcution)
  • Regulates sympathetic nervous syst.
  • Stimulation causes Vasoconstriction of the sking blood vessels
62
Q

What is a fundamental component of the Limbic Syst.?

A

Papez Circut

63
Q

What is Papez Circut ?

A

Closed neural circuitry that statrs/ends in the hippcampus

AKA: Medial Limbic Circut

64
Q

What is the Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus responsible for?

A

Induces eating

65
Q

Lesions to the Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus cause what?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Starvation
66
Q

What is the Zona Incerta and what does it control?

A
  • Cells alongside the Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus
  • Controls water intake (drinking)
67
Q

What is the largest projection of the Hypothalamus?

A

Fornix

(projects from hippocampal formation to mamillary nuclei)

68
Q

Where does the Mamillothalmic Tract project?

A

From Mamillary nuclei to anterior nucleus of thalamus

(part of Papez Circut)

69
Q

What is the major pathway from the Amygdala to the Hypothalamus/septal nuclei?

A

Stria Terminalis

70
Q

Which tract conducts fibers from the Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei to the neurohypphysis?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract

(Realse site for ADH/Oxytocin)

71
Q

Which tract contains direct descending autonomic fibers that influence preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the intermediolateral cell column?

A

Hyopthalamospoinal tract

72
Q

The Hypothalamospinal Tract as descending autonomic fibers to?

A
  • Intermediolateral cell column - Lateral horna of T1-L2
  • Preganglionic neurons to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (S2-S4)
73
Q

Interruption above the first thoracic segment (T1) in the Hypothalamospinal Tract will result in what?

A

Horner’s Syndrom

74
Q

The Hypothalamospinal tract provides a link to?

A
  • Thoracolumbar (sympathetic) lateral horn cells
  • sacral (parasympathetic) lateral horn cells

fibers lie adjacent to the lateral horns

75
Q

What will present with Horner’s Syndrom?

A
  • Loss of sweat on the face
  • partially drooping eye
  • small pupil
76
Q

The Anterior Hypothalamus has an exitatory effect on?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous syst.

77
Q

The Anterior Hypothalamus regulates/maintains body temp, destruction to this area will result in?

A

Hyperthermia

78
Q

The Posterior Hypothalamus has an exciatroy effect on?

A

Sympathetic Nervous Syst.

79
Q

The Posterior Hyopthalamus helps produce/conserve heat, destruction to this will result in?

A

Inability to thermoregulate

80
Q

Which two Hypothalamic nuclei play a role in food intake regulation?

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Lateral Hypothalamic nucleus
81
Q

Which Hyopthalamic Nucleus INHIBITS the urge to eat?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

Destruction results in:

  • hyperphagia
  • obesity
  • savage behavior
82
Q

Which Hypothalamic Nucleus INDUCES the urge to eat?

A

Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus

Destrcution results in:

  • anorexia
  • starvation
  • emaciation

Monica's TCC Tri 3 Cards (9 decks)

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