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BRS > Neuro - CNS > Flashcards

Neuro - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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3
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon (Thalamus and hypothalamus)

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4
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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5
Q

What is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

High motor/executive functions e.g. cognition language, memory.

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6
Q

What is the parietal lobe associated with?

A

Senses e.g. touch, pain, proprioception, understanding of language

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7
Q

What is the temporal lobe associated with?

A

Primary auditory complex

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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe associated with?

A

Primary visual complex

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9
Q

What is the limbic lobe associated with?

A

Learning, memory emotion, motivation, reward

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10
Q

What is the insular cortex/lobe associated with?

A

Visceral sensation - autonomic control

Visual-vestibular integration

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11
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

Deep in the lateral fissure

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12
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Modified ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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13
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

Sub arachnoid space and ventricular system

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14
Q

What makes up the limbic lobe?

A 
Mammillary body
Hippocampus
Thalamus
(Posterior) cingulate gyrus
Amygdala
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15
Q

How much CSF do we produce a day?

A

500ml

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16
Q

How much CSF do we have circulating?

A

125ml

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17
Q

How does CSF enter the ventricular system?

A

Via the lateral ventricle

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18
Q

Where does CSF move to from the lateral ventricle

A

To the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina

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19
Q

From the 3rd ventricle, where does the CSF pass to?

A

4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

How does CSF enter the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Via the midline and lateral foramina

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21
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Granulomatous villi of the arachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus

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22
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Protect the brain from shock and provide nutrients to brain

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23
Q

Describe CSF in comparison to plasma

A

Lower pH
Less glucose
Less protein
Less potassium

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24
Q

What do we find in the mixed spinal nerve?

A

Afferent and efferent neurones

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25
Q

Where do afferent neurones enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

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26
Q

What is the spinal cord enclosed within?

A

Vertebral column

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27
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

28
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord?

A 
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
29
Q

From where do spinal nerves emerge?

A

Intervertebral foramina

30
Q

How does the relationship between spinal vertebrae and nerves differ in the cervical region?

A

Neurones found above vertebrae except for nerve C8, which emerges below C7 vertebra as there is no C8 vertebra.

31
Q

What segments of the spinal cord are larger and why?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions are larger due to their innervations of the upper and lower limbs

32
Q

Where are nerves C1 to C7 found in relation to their vertebrae?

A

Above the vertebrae

33
Q

Where are spinal nerves C8 to Co1 found in relation to their vertebrae?

A

Below the vertebrae

34
Q

What is the main descending pathway present in our spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal tract

35
Q

How many neurones are involved in the corticospinal tract?

A

2: upper and lower motor neurone

36
Q

Where is the UMN of the corticospinal tract found?

A

Descends from primary motor cortex, down spinal cord- synapses at the level of innervating structure

37
Q

Where is the LMN of the corticospinal tract found?

A

Emerges in the ventral horn, travels to its respective structure via mixed spinal nerve

38
Q

How many fibres of the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

85%

39
Q

Where do corticospinal fibres decussate?

A

Medullary pyramids

40
Q

Where do corticospinal upper motor neurones synapse?

A

At the level of innervated tissue

41
Q

What do decussated corticospinal fibres make up?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

42
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract innervate?

A

The limbs

43
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract innervate?

A

The axial muscles/ muscles of the trunk

44
Q

What do non-decussated corticospinal fibres make up?

A

Anterior corticospinal tract (15%)

45
Q

What is the other main motor pathway in the spinal cord?

A

Corticobulbar

46
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract innervate?

A

Muscles of facial expression, mastication and other structure innervated by cranial nerves of the brainstem

47
Q

Where does the UMN of the corticobulbar tract originate and travel to?

A

Travels from primary motor cortex, within the internal capsule to synapse onto lower motor neurones in the brainstem.

48
Q

Describe the course of the LMN of the corticobulbar tract.

A

Travels from the brainstem to their respective structures around the head and neck

49
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Head position, posture, balance

50
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Head position during eye movement

51
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Automatic posture

52
Q

What is the function of the rubropsinal tract?

A

Lower motor neurone innervation of the upper limbs, though the lateral corticospinal tract has largely taken over from this.

53
Q

What are the 2 main ascending pathways in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal column pathway

Spinothalamic tract

54
Q

What is the dorsal column tract concerned with?

A

Pain
Vibration
Proprioception
Fine discriminative touch

55
Q

How many neurones are involved in the dorsal column pathway?

A

3- first, second and third order neurones in ascending order.

56
Q

Where do first order neurones of the dorsal column enter?

A

Enters dorsal horn and travels ipsilaterally until it reaches the gracile/cuneate nucleus at the level of the medulla, where it synapses

57
Q

Where do dorsal column pathway neurones decussate?

A

At the level of the medulla

58
Q

Where do second order dorsal column neurones travel to/synapse?

A

Start in the gracile/cuneate nucleus and decussate immediately, before travelling up from the level of the medulla to the thalamus where it synapses

59
Q

What are the two fasciculi of the dorsal column?

A

Gracile

Cuneate

60
Q

Describe the differences between the 2 fasciculi of the dorsal column pathway.

A 
Gracile: 
•Associated with T6 and below - lower limbs/trunk
•Travels medially.
Cuneate:
•Associated with T5 and above
•Travels laterally
61
Q

Where do third order neurones of the dorsal column tract travel to?

A

Travel from the thalamus up to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.

62
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract concerned with?

A

Pain
Temperature
Crude touch

63
Q

What is the anterior spinothalamic tract concerned with?

A

Crude touch

64
Q

What is the lateral spinothalamic tract concerned with?

A

Pain

Temperature

65
Q

Describe the course of the first order spinothalamic neurone

A

Enters the dorsal horn and synapses immediately

66
Q

Describe the course of the second order spinothalamic neurone

A

Decussates immediately after forming from the first order synapse at the level of entry into the dorsal horn. It then travels up the tract (lateral or anterior) and enters the thalamus where it synapses

67
Q

Describe the course of the third order spinothalamic neurone

A

Travels from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex.

BRS (16 decks)

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