Neuro - CNS Flashcards
What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up the brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What makes up the forebrain?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon (Thalamus and hypothalamus)
What makes up the hindbrain?
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
What is the frontal lobe associated with?
High motor/executive functions e.g. cognition language, memory.
What is the parietal lobe associated with?
Senses e.g. touch, pain, proprioception, understanding of language
What is the temporal lobe associated with?
Primary auditory complex
What is the occipital lobe associated with?
Primary visual complex
What is the limbic lobe associated with?
Learning, memory emotion, motivation, reward
What is the insular cortex/lobe associated with?
Visceral sensation - autonomic control
Visual-vestibular integration
Where is the insular cortex located?
Deep in the lateral fissure
Where is CSF produced?
Modified ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
Where is CSF found?
Sub arachnoid space and ventricular system
What makes up the limbic lobe?
Mammillary body Hippocampus Thalamus (Posterior) cingulate gyrus Amygdala
How much CSF do we produce a day?
500ml
How much CSF do we have circulating?
125ml
How does CSF enter the ventricular system?
Via the lateral ventricle
Where does CSF move to from the lateral ventricle
To the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina
From the 3rd ventricle, where does the CSF pass to?
4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
How does CSF enter the sub-arachnoid space?
Via the midline and lateral foramina
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Granulomatous villi of the arachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus
What is the function of CSF?
Protect the brain from shock and provide nutrients to brain
Describe CSF in comparison to plasma
Lower pH
Less glucose
Less protein
Less potassium
What do we find in the mixed spinal nerve?
Afferent and efferent neurones
Where do afferent neurones enter the spinal cord?
Dorsal horn
What is the spinal cord enclosed within?
Vertebral column
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?
31
What are the segments of the spinal cord?
Cervical - 8 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccygeal - 1
From where do spinal nerves emerge?
Intervertebral foramina
How does the relationship between spinal vertebrae and nerves differ in the cervical region?
Neurones found above vertebrae except for nerve C8, which emerges below C7 vertebra as there is no C8 vertebra.
What segments of the spinal cord are larger and why?
Cervical and lumbar regions are larger due to their innervations of the upper and lower limbs
Where are nerves C1 to C7 found in relation to their vertebrae?
Above the vertebrae
Where are spinal nerves C8 to Co1 found in relation to their vertebrae?
Below the vertebrae
What is the main descending pathway present in our spinal cord?
Corticospinal tract
How many neurones are involved in the corticospinal tract?
2: upper and lower motor neurone
Where is the UMN of the corticospinal tract found?
Descends from primary motor cortex, down spinal cord- synapses at the level of innervating structure
Where is the LMN of the corticospinal tract found?
Emerges in the ventral horn, travels to its respective structure via mixed spinal nerve
How many fibres of the corticospinal tract decussate?
85%
Where do corticospinal fibres decussate?
Medullary pyramids
Where do corticospinal upper motor neurones synapse?
At the level of innervated tissue
What do decussated corticospinal fibres make up?
Lateral corticospinal tract
What does the lateral corticospinal tract innervate?
The limbs
What does the anterior corticospinal tract innervate?
The axial muscles/ muscles of the trunk
What do non-decussated corticospinal fibres make up?
Anterior corticospinal tract (15%)
What is the other main motor pathway in the spinal cord?
Corticobulbar
What does the corticobulbar tract innervate?
Muscles of facial expression, mastication and other structure innervated by cranial nerves of the brainstem
Where does the UMN of the corticobulbar tract originate and travel to?
Travels from primary motor cortex, within the internal capsule to synapse onto lower motor neurones in the brainstem.
Describe the course of the LMN of the corticobulbar tract.
Travels from the brainstem to their respective structures around the head and neck
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Head position, posture, balance
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Head position during eye movement
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Automatic posture
What is the function of the rubropsinal tract?
Lower motor neurone innervation of the upper limbs, though the lateral corticospinal tract has largely taken over from this.
What are the 2 main ascending pathways in the spinal cord?
Dorsal column pathway
Spinothalamic tract
What is the dorsal column tract concerned with?
Pain
Vibration
Proprioception
Fine discriminative touch
How many neurones are involved in the dorsal column pathway?
3- first, second and third order neurones in ascending order.
Where do first order neurones of the dorsal column enter?
Enters dorsal horn and travels ipsilaterally until it reaches the gracile/cuneate nucleus at the level of the medulla, where it synapses
Where do dorsal column pathway neurones decussate?
At the level of the medulla
Where do second order dorsal column neurones travel to/synapse?
Start in the gracile/cuneate nucleus and decussate immediately, before travelling up from the level of the medulla to the thalamus where it synapses
What are the two fasciculi of the dorsal column?
Gracile
Cuneate
Describe the differences between the 2 fasciculi of the dorsal column pathway.
Gracile: •Associated with T6 and below - lower limbs/trunk •Travels medially. Cuneate: •Associated with T5 and above •Travels laterally
Where do third order neurones of the dorsal column tract travel to?
Travel from the thalamus up to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.
What is the spinothalamic tract concerned with?
Pain
Temperature
Crude touch
What is the anterior spinothalamic tract concerned with?
Crude touch
What is the lateral spinothalamic tract concerned with?
Pain
Temperature
Describe the course of the first order spinothalamic neurone
Enters the dorsal horn and synapses immediately
Describe the course of the second order spinothalamic neurone
Decussates immediately after forming from the first order synapse at the level of entry into the dorsal horn. It then travels up the tract (lateral or anterior) and enters the thalamus where it synapses
Describe the course of the third order spinothalamic neurone
Travels from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex.