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BRS > Neuro - Cells of Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuro - Cells of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres
brainstem
spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Fibres originating from the CNS

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3
Q

What are the hemispheres?

A

Also called telencephalon - form the main cerebral cortex

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4
Q

How many lobes are in each hemisphere?

A

4

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5
Q

What are the main lobes of the hemispheres?

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

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6
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A 
Executive functions: 
memory
cognition 
recognition 
primary motor cortex
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7
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Contain primary somatosensory complex

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8
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing of sound with the primary auditory complex

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9
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Contains primary visual complex for sight perception

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10
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Mid brain
Pons
Medulla

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11
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Important functions such as control of respiration and heart rate, and is the target or source for the majority of cranial nerves

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12
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Conscious motor coordination, balance and posture

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13
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

Acts as a channel for neural transmission and has some role in reflex responses.

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14
Q

What are gryi?

A

The outfoldings on the outermost layer of the cortex

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15
Q

What are sulci?

A

The valleys formed between gyri

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16
Q

What separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

Why can’t neurones be classified on the bases of their shape and size?

A

Due to their polymorphous structure

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18
Q

Define mature neurones

A

Non-dividing excitable cells whose main function is to receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals

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19
Q

What are the 4 main classes of morphology of neurones?

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
Multipolar

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20
Q

What is a unipolar neurone?

A

Starts of with nucleus and ends with a single axonal projection

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21
Q

What is a bipolar neurone?

A

Two projections on either side of the nucleus: axon and dendrite

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22
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar neurone?

A

Starts of with one original projection from the nucleus but then bi-furcates into 2 projections

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23
Q

What is a multipolar neurone?

A

Multiple projections from the cell body.

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24
Q

What are the 3 main classes of multipolar neurone?

A

Pyramidal cells
Purkinje cells
Golgi cells

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25
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Pyramid shaped cell body

26
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum (inhibitory)

27
Q

What are Golgi cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum (inhibitory)

28
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body or perikaryon.

Contains nucleus and ribosomes as well as neurofilmaents which are important for structure and transport

29
Q

What is the axon?

A

Long process (nerve fibre), originates from soma at axon hillock, and can branch off in collaterals

30
Q

What usually covers the axon?

A

Myelin which allows for faster conduction

31
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Projections from the cell body (every projection except for axons). They are responsible for receiving signals whereas axons are important for sending signals

32
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Most abundant cell type in the brain. Structural cells important for neuronal maturation, synapse formation and cell repair.

33
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin producing cells in the CNS

34
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Myelin producing cells in the PNS

35
Q

Aside from location, what is the main difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes can send numerous projections to cover multiple axonal segments. Schwann cells can only cover one segment each

36
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immune cells of the CNS and act similarly to macrophages

37
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial cells lining the inside of fluid filled vesicles - regulate the production and movement of CSF

38
Q

Define the resting membrane potential

A

Ionic imbalance between the intracellular and extracellular of a neurone due to unequal ion distribution

39
Q

What does an ionic imbalance of the cell membrane give?

A

electromotive force (EMF)/potential difference.

40
Q

What do we call the outside of the cell?

A

Zero reference point

41
Q

What is the typical range form resting membrane potential?

A

-50 to -90mV so we average to -70mV

42
Q

Where is a greater potential (difference) found in neurones?

A

Areas adjacent to the membrane

43
Q

What are the 4 main physiological impermeant ions?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium

44
Q

What ions are found highly concentrated inside the cell?

A

Potassium

45
Q

What ions are found highly concentrated outside the cell?

A

Sodium
Chloride
(Calcium found at low concentration but inside the cell is even lower)

46
Q

At RMP, what channels are closed?

A

VGSCs, VGKCs

47
Q

What causes the beginning of depolarisation?

A

Action potential begins to open VGSCs so sodium begins to enter the cell. Membrane potential goes to -40mV

48
Q

What is the result of the beginning of depolarisation?

A

Threshold reached, massive sodium influx into cell to +10mV.

49
Q

Why do sodium channels open first?

A

Naturally faster kinetics

50
Q

What happens after the opening of VGSCs?

A

VGKCs open at a slower rate, causing a potassium efflux from the cell.

51
Q

What is result of potassium efflux?

A

Repolarisation to a very low potential

52
Q

We do we reconfigure the imbalance between sodium and potassium?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

53
Q

What is the resting configuration of Na/K ATPase?

A

Allows sodium ions inside the cell to enter the vestibule

54
Q

What is the active configuration of Na/K ATPase?

A

Conformational change from phosphorylation of ATP leads to opening on the extracellular side so sodium leaves and potassium can enter there vestibule - transported back into cell as pump returns to resting configuration.

55
Q

What about myelin prevents AP spreading across?

A

High resistance and low capacitance

56
Q

How do Nodes of Ranvier induce saltatory conduction?

A

Intermittent gaps allow for AP to jump between nodes to the terminal.

57
Q

What are synapses?

A

Small gaps between neurones

58
Q

What is the need for synapses?

A

Electrical signal cannot jump between synaptic cleft therefore electrical energy use be converted to chemical energy via synapses.

59
Q

What is stage 1 of synaptic transmission?

A

Action potential propagates along axon with VGSCs and VGKCs - causes calcium influx due to depolarisation.

60
Q

What is stage 2 of synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitter release due to calcium influx - exocytosis of NTs

61
Q

What is stage 3 of synaptic transmission?

A

NTs diffuse across cleft and bind to post-synaptic terminal.

62
Q

What is stage 4 of synaptic transmission?

A

Binding at the post synaptic terminal induces perpetuation of propagation and then the NTs are degraded or taken back into terminal via transporter proteins.

BRS (16 decks)

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