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BRS > Neuro - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuro - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Motor sub division of the peripheral nervous system, concerned with subconscious control of the body (homeostasis)

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2
Q

What structures in the body are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Viscera
Skin

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3
Q

What 2 pathways form the afferent arm of the PNS?

A

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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4
Q

What is the visceral motor?

A

Sub division of motor neurones, concerned with autonomic nervous system and contains sympathetic and parasympathetic arms.

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic usually involved with?

A

Rest and digest (routine maintenance)

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic usually involved in?

A

Fight or flight (mobilisation and increases in metabolism)

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7
Q

Where are the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms usually found?

A

Usually found together apart from some exceptions e.g. the lungs

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate and contractility

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9
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the stomach?

A

Increases gastric juice secretion and motility

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10
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the pupils?

A

Constriction

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the liver?

A

Increase in bile secretion

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the heart?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the stomach?

A

Decrease gastric juice secretion and motility

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14
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the pupils?

A

Dilation

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the liver?

A

Increased hepatic glucose output

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16
Q

What controls the blood vessel tone - both vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

What is the baroreceptor response to normal blood pressure?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system is promoted and sympathetic is inhibited, to decrease (maintain) heart rate

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18
Q

What happens to blood pressure when we stand up?

A

Blood pressure drops

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19
Q

What happens to baroreceptors following a fall in blood pressure?

A

Decrease in firing

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20
Q

What happens as a result of decreased baroreceptor firing?

A

Decreased parasympathetic activation/stimulation

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21
Q

What happens if the parasympathetic stimulation decreases?

A

Disinhibition of the sympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility, to increase and correct the reduced blood pressure

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23
Q

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate?

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Describe the course of autonomic nerves after they originate in the hypothalamus?

A

Continue down the brainstem and spinal cord, and eventually travel to their innervated tissue

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25
Q

Generally, what are the 2 parts of an autonomic nerve?

A

Pre ganglionic

Post ganglionic

26
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of nerve bodies

27
Q

Describe the pre-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Long

28
Q

Describe the post-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Short

29
Q

Where do pre ganglionic parasympathetic neurones travel to/synapse?

A

Travel far to their respective organ and synapse close to the tissue that they innervate

30
Q

Describe the pre-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A

short

31
Q

Describe the post-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Long

32
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurones travel to/synapse?

A

Not very far - synapse in the sympathetic trunks close to the spinal cord

33
Q

Why is the sympathetic nervous system usually more controlled?

A

To allow for mass activation of the fight or flight response when in danger thus increasing chances of survival

34
Q

How is the sympathetic nervous system usually under tighter control?

A

Travel in sympathetic trunks which are close to the spinal cord and run parallel with it.

35
Q

What neurotransmitters and receptors are found at the preganglionic sympathetic synapses?

A

ACh

Nicotinic

36
Q

What neurotransmitters and receptor are found at the preganglionic parasympathetic synapses?

A

ACh

Nicotinic

37
Q

What neurotransmitters and receptor are found at the postganglionic sympathetic synapses?

A

Noradrenaline

Adrenergic

38
Q

What neurotransmitters and receptor are found at the postganglionic parasympathetic synapses?

A

ACh

Muscarinic

39
Q

Where is there only one sympathetic (pre-ganglionic) fibre found as opposed to 2?

A

Adrenal gland

40
Q

Where do post ganglionic fibres usually release neurotransmitters?

A

Into the tissue they innervate.

41
Q

Along with the enteric system, how does the body regulate itself when we smell food?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation whereby gastric juice secretion increases and the stomach becomes more motile, ready for digestion

42
Q

What happens when we are exposed to bright sunlight?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation whereby pupils constrict to reduce sunlight travelling through the pupil to the retina.

43
Q

Where in the viscera are sympathetic neurones not found?

A

Lungs

44
Q

How do we get bronchodilation in the lungs?

A

Hormonal control - adrenaline form the blood increases bronchodilation

45
Q

How would you describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary

46
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

Sensory information in the bladder is relayed back to the CNS and the visceral motor then controls the release of urine.

47
Q

What muscle does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

Detrusor muscle

48
Q

What muscle does the sympathetic nervous system control?

A

Internal sphincter muscle

49
Q

What happens when pressure builds up in the bladder ie from urine?

A

The sympathetic arm is still in charge while pressure is building up, therefore the internal sphincter is contracting and holding urine.

50
Q

What happens when the bladder is full?

A

Sensory information is relayed to the brain and the parasympathetic arm is turned on, while the sympathetic arm is turned off. This means the internal sphincter relaxes and detrusor contracts to expel urine

51
Q

Why do we not urinate involuntarily if the micturition reflex is under autonomic control?

A

We still have somatic control - the external sphincter is under GSE control so we can urinate as and when we want to.

52
Q

What are nicotinic ACh receptors linked to?

A

Na+ channel

53
Q

Where is nicotinic ACh found?

A

All autonomic intermediate ganglia for fast propagation

54
Q

Where may we find slower muscarinic ACh receptors?

A

Parasympathetic post ganglionic synapses

55
Q

How is Acetylcholine synthesised?

A

Choline combines with acetyl CoA under acetyl transferase to form acetylcholine.

56
Q

How is acetylcholine broken down/taken back up?

A

Broken down to choline and Acetyl via acetylcholinesterase. Choline is take back into pre-synapse via choline re uptake protein.

57
Q

How can we use acetylcholinesterase to treat Alzheimer’s?

A

AChE can be blocked to allow for a build up of ACh which therefore can have a powerful therapeutic effect.

58
Q

What is step 1 of noradrenaline synthesis?

A

Tyrosine is converted to DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase

59
Q

What is step 2 of noradrenaline synthesis?

A

DOPA is converted to Dopamine via DOPA decarboxylase

60
Q

What is step 3 of noradrenaline synthesis?

A

Dopamine is converted to noradrenaline via Beta-hydroxylase in vesicles

61
Q

How is noradrenaline taken back up into the presynapse?

A

Via MOA-O (pre-synaptic cell) or COMT (glial cell)

62
Q

How do we get adrenaline from noradrenaline?

A

Via phenylethanol methyl transferase

BRS (16 decks)

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