neuro anatoy Flashcards
IN the CNS what are the 4 types of neuoglia cells?
oligodendroglia (schwann cells of CNS)
astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia (macrophages)
in the PNS the neuroglia cells are what?
sattelite cells (near dorsal root ganglion) Neurolemma (schwann cells )
what are the three layers of nerve coatings from inside out?
inside to outside
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
which branch of the posterior rami reach the skin in the upper body wall vs the lower body wall.
upper body wall is medial branch of posterior rami
lower body wall is the lateral branch of perterior rami
does C1 have cutaneous disribution?
no
does the posterior rami ever supply the skin on the limbs?
no
the skin on the abdomen is supplied by which intercostal nerves?
T7 - T12
the thoracolumbar SNS discribution comes out of which vertebral levels?
T1 - L2
the main function of the SNS fibres which follow all spinal nerves in the body is?
temperature control
some SNS in the skin also go to which two special finctins?
pieloerection of hairs and sweat glands in the skin
the rami communicantes are the area where what two nerves join together?
the autonomic nervous syetem joins the spinal nerves .
which formamen do V1 V2 and V3 come out of?
V1: superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale
the lingual nerve is a branch off which nerve?
the posterior division of V3
the facial nerve comes out of which cranial fossae,
the internal auditory meatus , then the stylomastoid foramen before branching off in the parotid gland
which part fo the jugular foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve come out of?
the anterior compartment
which part of the jugular foramen does the vagus nerve come out of?
the middle part
the spinal root of the ileohypogastric nerve is?
L1
the spinal root derivative of the ileoinguinal nerve is?
L1
the spinal nerve root derivstive fo the genitofemoral nerve is?
L1-L2
the spinal nerve root derivative of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
L2 - L3
the nerve root derivative of the femoral nerve is?
L2-3-4
the nerve root derivative of the obturator nerve is?
L2 and L4
the obturator nerve is formed in which muscle?
the psoas
the obturator nerve emerges from which muscle to cross the ala of the sacrum to to pass behind which vessels?
the psoas, the iliac vessels.
when the obturator nerve comes out of the obturator foramen which muscle does it straddle as it splits into anterior and posterior?
adductor brevis
V1 V2 and V 3 emerg out of which foramen in the skull?
V1= superior orbital fissure V2= foramen rotundum v3= foramen ovale
the middle minelgeal artery enters th skull through which foramen
foramen spinosum
where is the jugular foramen located?
in the junction of the occipital bone and the petrosus part of temporal bone
the 3 cranial nerves which pass through the jugulr foramen?
9 , 10 ad 11
glosso[haryngeal, vagus and accessory.
what is closely related either side of the third ventricle?
the thalamus
at birth the conus medallarus is at which vertebral level? and by what age has it reached L1L2?
born ar L3 and at 20 years of age reaches L1 L2
the central canal is lined with what cells?
eyendyma
what coms out of the lateral horn in the spinal colulm ?
the preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies , axons pass out of the anterior nerve root and enter the spinal nerves from T1 - L2 which when they leave int he white rami communicantes pass into the sympathetic trunk.
A similar group of cell bodies exist in the sacral segments 2-4 to form the pelvic splanchnic nerves
the gracile and cuneate tracts are located in which part of the spinal cord?
in the posterior white column, lies between the posterior mediam septum and the posterior grey horn. COmpletely occupied by tracts of the same name.
the gracile and cuneate tracts are the pathway for what?
touch and associated sensations.
the lateral white column contains which tract?
the lateral corticostinal tract
what tract can be found anterior laterally in the spinal cord?
spino thalamic tract
what is the role fo the spinothalamic pathway?
nociception and thermal perception
the blood supply to the spinal cord is from which arteries anterior and posteriorly?
anteriorly : anterior spinal artery, lies on the anterior medial fissure. formed at the foramen magnum by the union of the anterior spinal brach from the vertebral artery
posterior: the posterior spinal artery on each side arrises from the posterior inferior cerebellar atery (from vertebral) or vertebral artery in the foramen magnum , usualy double forming longditudinal trunks which run through and behind the posterior nerve rootlets,
the radicular arteries : anastomotic vessels.
if there is complete transection of the spinal cord what kind of injury will show?
loss of power and sensation below the level of the injured segment.
at what level of legion in the spinal cord is the cough reflex lost?
T10 and above due to the abdominal and lower intercostal paralysis.
in hemisection of the spinal cord what symptoms would show?
paralysis and loss of touch and kinasthetic sense below the level of the lesion onthe same side (lateral corticospinal tract and posterior column disruption
loss of pain and temperature on the contralateral side because of interruption fo the crossed anterior lateral (spinothalamic tract)
what commonly causes the central cord syndrome?
crush injury (without transection) following sudden hyperentension of the c spine
what symptoms can be expected in a central cord syndrome. ?
flaccid paralysis and loss of pain and temperature sensation in the upper limbs (due to anterior horn damage and interruption of the more deeply placed cervical fibres of the anterior lateral tracts.
in occlusion of the anterior spinal artery which nervous function remains and which is lost?
the posterior column remains intact so touch sensation remains in tact. but most of the rest of the cord loses all motor and sensory functions, except the sacral sparing.
the pelvic splanchnic nerves run from the cell bodies in the lateral horn of which sacral segments?
S S2 -3 and 4
