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Neuro > Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the frontal lobes responsible for

A

Volountary movement of contralateral part of body
Brocas area ,
Personality
Intellectual functioning

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2
Q

Difference between CNS and PNS

A

CNS brain and spinal cord receives sensory input from pns

PNS - responsible for coordination, sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerves that arise from the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does rostral and caudal refer to

A

Rostral towards the nose

Caudal towards the tail

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4
Q

What is included in white matter

A

myelin for insulation and axons, no cell body or synapses

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5
Q

What is included in grey matter

A

where all the neurons and synapses are

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6
Q

What are association fibres

A

axons that are connected within the same hemisphere

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7
Q

What are comissural fibres

A

fibres that cross over from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum

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8
Q

What are projection fibres

A

fibres that go vertically from hemisphere to brain stem and back

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9
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of

A

Rhombocephalon
medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

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10
Q

Purpose of longitudinal fissure

A

seperates the hemispheres

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11
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

A

vision
Primary visual cortex
Colour determination

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12
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Wernickes area comprehension of speech
Memory
Processing

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13
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for

A

somatosensory, language and maths
Proprioception
Left for perception
Right for visuospatial functions

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14
Q

What are the meninges

A

three layers of protective brain membrane

Inner most - pia mater
Second arachnoid
Outer layer is dura mater

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15
Q

Importance of arachnoid mater

A

bag that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

responsible for coordination and balance

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17
Q

What is the central sulcus

A

fissure separating the frontal from parietal lobes

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18
Q

What is the lateral sulcus/ Sylvian fissure

A

large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

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19
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

bundle of white matter sending signals and connecting the two hemispheres

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20
Q

What is the optic chiasma

A

where the optic nerves intersect

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21
Q

Two layers of dura and their purpose

A

outer - lines the interior of the skull, sends blood vessels into cranial bones
Inner - envelops the CNS

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22
Q

What is the brainstem made up from

A

Medulla pons

Midbrain

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23
Q

Location and difference between brocas and wernickes area

A

brocas is the fluency of speech and is in frontal lobe

Wernickes comprehension of speech and is in posterior temporal lobe

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24
Q

What is the falx cerebri

A

arched present of dura between the hemispheres

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25
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A

The anterior circuit is supplied by the internal carotid arteries
The posterior circuit is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system.

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26
Q

purpose of circle of willis1

A

Forms anastomotic connections between anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, provides arterial blood supply to the brain via several branches

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27
Q

why are dystroglycans

and sarcoglycans used in a sarcolemma for

A

for structural support

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28
Q

Function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protection , cushion for the brain
Buoyancy , prevents excessive pressure on the base of brain
Chemical stability , creates an environment to allow for proper functioning

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29
Q

Where is csf made and transported

A

Produced in the choroid plexus and transported via ventricles

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30
Q

Names of the 4 ventricles

A

Left and right lateral

Third and fourth ventricle

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31
Q

How are the lateral v and third v connected

A

By the foramen of monro or the interventricular foramen

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32
Q

How does the 4th v receive csf

A

From the 3rd v via cerebral aqueduct

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33
Q

Where does fluid drain from the 4th v

A

Central spinal canal
Luschke
Magente

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34
Q

What are ventricular cells lined by

A

Ependymal cells

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35
Q

How does csf drain

A

Arachnoid granulations

Peripheral nerves to lymphatics

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36
Q

Two main arteries of the posterior circulation

A

Basillar artery

Verterbral artery

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37
Q

Branches of the internal corotid artery and what they supply

A

Posterior communicating artery ,connecting vessel for the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral artery , supplies part of the cerebrum, anterior , superior and medial

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38
Q

Origin point of vertebral arteries

A

Foramen magnum

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39
Q

Branches of the vertebral arteries and what they supply

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries , supplies the spinal cord
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies rhe cerebellum

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40
Q

Arteries within the circle of willis

A 
Anterior cerebral 
Middle cerebral 
Internal corotid 
Posterior cerebral 
 Connecting parts - anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery
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41
Q

What is fusiform gyrus important for

A

Object recognition

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42
Q

what fluid is the endolymph (SCALA MEDIA) filled with

A

high K+

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43
Q

what fluid is scala vestibuli and tympani mostly filled with

A

CSF, na+ rich

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44
Q

divisions of the forebrain

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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45
Q

where des the spinal cord start

A

until below the foramen magnum

first spinal nerve

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46
Q

central sulcus

A

divided frontal and parietal lobe

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47
Q

parietal occipital sulcus

A

located deep and separate’s the parietal and occipital lobe

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48
Q

what are the three layers of the tear film

A

anterior lipid
middle aqueous
posterior mucous

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49
Q

function of the pons

A

connection between cerebrum and cerebellum

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50
Q

Where does the medulla start

A

At the foramen magnum

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51
Q

Function of lateral corticospinal tract

A

Controls distal muscles such as thosw in hands

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52
Q

Function of anterior corticospinal tract

A

Proximal muscles such as the trunk

53
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Movement and balance

54
Q

How are the two hemispheres of cerebellum connected

A

Via a vermis

55
Q

Names most lateral cerebellar nuclei

A

Dentate

56
Q

How is the pons and cerebellum conmected

A

Through cerebellar peduncles

Middle

57
Q

What is each cerebellar peduncle attached to

A

Superior , midbrain
Middle , pons
Inferior , medulla

58
Q

Pathway of csf

A

Made in choroid plexus
Travels through lateral and medial v via the foramen of monroe to the 3rd v
Via cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ven
Exits the system via luschke and magente

59
Q

Purpose of septum pelucidum

A

Seperates the two lateral ventricles

60
Q

What supplies the lateral brain

A

Anterior cerebral artery

61
Q

What supplies the medial brain

A

Middle cerebral artery

62
Q

Main venous drainage of brain

A

Interbal cerebral vein drains into external then into dural sinuses

63
Q

Structures that pass through cavernous sinus

A 
Occulomotor
Trochlear 
Opthalmoc
Maxillary
Carotid a 
Abducens
Trochlear
64
Q

Mneonic for function of each nerve

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

65
Q

Largest bundle of association fibres

A

Superior longitudinal fasoculus

66
Q

What is a choroid fissure

A

A narrow cleft between the thalamus and the fornix via which blood vessels covered by pia invaginate the ependyma to form the choroid plexus

67
Q

Blood supply to cerebellum

A

Three main arteries
Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior
Posterior inferior

68
Q

forward bend in the spinal cord

A

kyphosis

69
Q

backwards bend in the spine

A

lardosis

70
Q

how many of each vertebrae

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral

71
Q

what is conus medularis

A

the tapering end of a cord

72
Q

what is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for

A

appraisal

73
Q

medial part of orbitofrontal cortex role is responsible for ?

A

reward centre

74
Q

lateral part of orbitofrontal cortex role

A

punishment

negative reward perception

75
Q

role of ventral prefrontal cortex

A

reward related decision making

76
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex

A

Frontal lobe

In front of central sulcus

77
Q

What makes up a neuron

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal

78
Q

Borders of the pre central Gyrus

A

Superior border is pre central sulcus

Inferior border is central sulcus

79
Q

Borders of post central gyrus

A

Superior is central sulcus

Inferior is post central sulcus

80
Q

How is brocas and wernickes area connected

A

Arcuate fasciculus

81
Q

What does diencephalon include

A

Hypothalamus , thalamus

82
Q

What does telencephalon include

A

Cerebral cortex and deep nuclei

83
Q

What is the midbrain made up from

A

Mesencephalon
Divided into tectum
Paired cerebral peduncles

84
Q

Blood supply to midbrain

A

Basilar artery and it’s branches

85
Q

How is cerebellum separated from the brain

A

Via a tentorium cerebelli

Fold of dura mater

86
Q

Purpose of primary fissure in cerebellum

A

Separates anterior and posterior lobe

87
Q

Structure of cerebellum

A

Two ovoid hemispheres connected via a vermis
Outer layer of grey matter , the cortex
Inner core of white matter , including deep nuclei

88
Q

Blood supply to brocas

A

Left middle cerebral artery

89
Q

Blood supply to the cerebellum

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Superior cerebellar

90
Q

Terminal branches of circle of Willis

A

Anterior choroidal

Posterior cerebellar a

91
Q

What joins the anterior cerebral arteries

A

Anterior communicating a

92
Q

What joins the middle and posterior cerebellar artery

A

Posterior communicating a

93
Q

What secretes csf

A

Empendymal cells

94
Q

What artery supplies each lobe

A

Frontal - anterior cerebral
Temporal - lateral surface middle cerebral , inferior surface posterior cerebral
Parietal - middle cerebral
Occipital - posterior cerebral

95
Q

Function of Dural venous sinuses

A

Venous blood drainage to the internal jugular

96
Q

How do the paired cavernous sinus communicate

A

Anterior and posterior inter cavernous branch

97
Q

Two layers of dura mater

A

Endosteal layer

Inner meningeal layer

98
Q

How does csf enter sinuses

A

Arachnoid granulations

99
Q

Paired sinuses

A

Cavernous
Transverse
Superior and inferior petrosal sinus sphenoparietal

100
Q

Unpaired sinuses

A

Straight
Occipital
Inferior and superior Sagittal
Intercavernous

101
Q

Venous drainage of the brain

A

Superior cerebral - drain the superior surface
Middle cerebral vein. - drains lateral surface of each hemisphere
Inferior. - inferior aspect of each hemisphere

102
Q

Most common location for berry aneurysm

A

Anterior cerebral artery

103
Q

Clinical definition of berry aneurysm

A

A balloon like outpouching of the vessel wall

104
Q

What are mossy fibres

A

Axons of dentate granule cells in the hippocampal region

105
Q

What are climbing fibres

A

Terminals of the axons arriving from inferior olive neutrons

106
Q

Pathway of medulla

A

Extends from the decussation of the great pyramids passes through foramen magnum to the inferior pontine sulcus

107
Q

What is a pyramid

A

Elongated eminence marking the position of underlying fibres from the cerebral hemisphere to the cord

108
Q

What is the midline of the medulla

A

Anterior median fissure

109
Q

What are the olives of the medulla

A

Pair of swellings lateral to the pyramids

110
Q

Function of intervertebral discs

A

Shock absorbers

360 movement

111
Q

Parts of an intervertebral disc

A 
Body 
Pedicle
Transverse process 
Spinous process 
Articular process , sup and inf
Lamina
112
Q

Two parts of an intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosus

113
Q

What is c1 also known as

A

Atlas

114
Q

How do the vertebral arteries travel

A

Through foramen in transverse process of vertebral disc to foramen magnum to cranium

115
Q

Distinctive feature if cervical disc

A

Small body , not supporting weight

Foramen in transverse process

116
Q

What can you feel at c7

A

Major spinous process

117
Q

Distinguish features of thoracic veterbrae

A

Will link with ribs at 3 points
Small body heart shaped vertebral
Long spinous process

118
Q

Distinguish features of lumbar vertebrae

A

Large body to withstand weight

Process are shorter but wider

119
Q

Distinguishing features of sacral vertebrae

A

They have all fused together

120
Q

Where would you insert a lumbar puncture

A

L3/4

121
Q

What is cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves from lower spinal cord that hang obliquely downwards

122
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

Dura lying between the cerebellum and occipital lobes

123
Q

Bones of the skull

A 
Zygomatic 
Maxilla
Nasal
Lacrimal 
Mandible
124
Q

Contents of anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal crest
Crista galli
Cribriform plate

125
Q

Innervation of cribriform plate

A

Olfactory

126
Q

Contents of middle cranial fossa

A

Pituitary gland
Greater wings of sphenoid bone
Squamous and Petrous of temporal bones

127
Q

Contents of posterior cranial fossa

A

Medulla pons midbrain
Occipital bone
Cilvus

128
Q

Vasculature and innervation to dura mater

A

Middle meningeal artery

Cn V

129
Q

What would cerebellar damage look like

A

Uncoordinated movement
Tremors
Muscle spasm

Neuro (9 decks)

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