Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
What are the frontal lobes responsible for
Volountary movement of contralateral part of body
Brocas area ,
Personality
Intellectual functioning
Difference between CNS and PNS
CNS brain and spinal cord receives sensory input from pns
PNS - responsible for coordination, sympathetic and parasympathetic, nerves that arise from the brain and spinal cord
What does rostral and caudal refer to
Rostral towards the nose
Caudal towards the tail
What is included in white matter
myelin for insulation and axons, no cell body or synapses
What is included in grey matter
where all the neurons and synapses are
What are association fibres
axons that are connected within the same hemisphere
What are comissural fibres
fibres that cross over from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum
What are projection fibres
fibres that go vertically from hemisphere to brain stem and back
What is the hindbrain composed of
Rhombocephalon
medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Purpose of longitudinal fissure
seperates the hemispheres
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
vision
Primary visual cortex
Colour determination
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Wernickes area comprehension of speech
Memory
Processing
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
somatosensory, language and maths
Proprioception
Left for perception
Right for visuospatial functions
What are the meninges
three layers of protective brain membrane
Inner most - pia mater
Second arachnoid
Outer layer is dura mater
Importance of arachnoid mater
bag that contains cerebrospinal fluid
What does the cerebellum do
responsible for coordination and balance
What is the central sulcus
fissure separating the frontal from parietal lobes
What is the lateral sulcus/ Sylvian fissure
large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes
What is the corpus callosum
bundle of white matter sending signals and connecting the two hemispheres
What is the optic chiasma
where the optic nerves intersect
Two layers of dura and their purpose
outer - lines the interior of the skull, sends blood vessels into cranial bones
Inner - envelops the CNS
What is the brainstem made up from
Medulla pons
Midbrain
Location and difference between brocas and wernickes area
brocas is the fluency of speech and is in frontal lobe
Wernickes comprehension of speech and is in posterior temporal lobe
What is the falx cerebri
arched present of dura between the hemispheres
Blood supply to the brain
The anterior circuit is supplied by the internal carotid arteries
The posterior circuit is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system.
purpose of circle of willis1
Forms anastomotic connections between anterior and posterior cerebral circulations, provides arterial blood supply to the brain via several branches
why are dystroglycans
and sarcoglycans used in a sarcolemma for
for structural support
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
Protection , cushion for the brain
Buoyancy , prevents excessive pressure on the base of brain
Chemical stability , creates an environment to allow for proper functioning
Where is csf made and transported
Produced in the choroid plexus and transported via ventricles
Names of the 4 ventricles
Left and right lateral
Third and fourth ventricle
How are the lateral v and third v connected
By the foramen of monro or the interventricular foramen
How does the 4th v receive csf
From the 3rd v via cerebral aqueduct
Where does fluid drain from the 4th v
Central spinal canal
Luschke
Magente
What are ventricular cells lined by
Ependymal cells
How does csf drain
Arachnoid granulations
Peripheral nerves to lymphatics
Two main arteries of the posterior circulation
Basillar artery
Verterbral artery
Branches of the internal corotid artery and what they supply
Posterior communicating artery ,connecting vessel for the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral artery , supplies part of the cerebrum, anterior , superior and medial
Origin point of vertebral arteries
Foramen magnum
Branches of the vertebral arteries and what they supply
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries , supplies the spinal cord
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies rhe cerebellum
Arteries within the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Internal corotid Posterior cerebral Connecting parts - anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery
What is fusiform gyrus important for
Object recognition
what fluid is the endolymph (SCALA MEDIA) filled with
high K+
what fluid is scala vestibuli and tympani mostly filled with
CSF, na+ rich
divisions of the forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
where des the spinal cord start
until below the foramen magnum
first spinal nerve
central sulcus
divided frontal and parietal lobe
parietal occipital sulcus
located deep and separate’s the parietal and occipital lobe
what are the three layers of the tear film
anterior lipid
middle aqueous
posterior mucous
function of the pons
connection between cerebrum and cerebellum
Where does the medulla start
At the foramen magnum
Function of lateral corticospinal tract
Controls distal muscles such as thosw in hands
Function of anterior corticospinal tract
Proximal muscles such as the trunk
Function of cerebellum
Movement and balance
How are the two hemispheres of cerebellum connected
Via a vermis
Names most lateral cerebellar nuclei
Dentate
How is the pons and cerebellum conmected
Through cerebellar peduncles
Middle
What is each cerebellar peduncle attached to
Superior , midbrain
Middle , pons
Inferior , medulla
Pathway of csf
Made in choroid plexus
Travels through lateral and medial v via the foramen of monroe to the 3rd v
Via cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ven
Exits the system via luschke and magente
Purpose of septum pelucidum
Seperates the two lateral ventricles
What supplies the lateral brain
Anterior cerebral artery
What supplies the medial brain
Middle cerebral artery
Main venous drainage of brain
Interbal cerebral vein drains into external then into dural sinuses
Structures that pass through cavernous sinus
Occulomotor Trochlear Opthalmoc Maxillary Carotid a Abducens Trochlear
Mneonic for function of each nerve
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
Largest bundle of association fibres
Superior longitudinal fasoculus
What is a choroid fissure
A narrow cleft between the thalamus and the fornix via which blood vessels covered by pia invaginate the ependyma to form the choroid plexus
Blood supply to cerebellum
Three main arteries
Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior
Posterior inferior
forward bend in the spinal cord
kyphosis
backwards bend in the spine
lardosis
how many of each vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
what is conus medularis
the tapering end of a cord
what is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for
appraisal
medial part of orbitofrontal cortex role is responsible for ?
reward centre
lateral part of orbitofrontal cortex role
punishment
negative reward perception
role of ventral prefrontal cortex
reward related decision making
Where is the primary motor cortex
Frontal lobe
In front of central sulcus
What makes up a neuron
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal
Borders of the pre central Gyrus
Superior border is pre central sulcus
Inferior border is central sulcus
Borders of post central gyrus
Superior is central sulcus
Inferior is post central sulcus
How is brocas and wernickes area connected
Arcuate fasciculus
What does diencephalon include
Hypothalamus , thalamus
What does telencephalon include
Cerebral cortex and deep nuclei
What is the midbrain made up from
Mesencephalon
Divided into tectum
Paired cerebral peduncles
Blood supply to midbrain
Basilar artery and it’s branches
How is cerebellum separated from the brain
Via a tentorium cerebelli
Fold of dura mater
Purpose of primary fissure in cerebellum
Separates anterior and posterior lobe
Structure of cerebellum
Two ovoid hemispheres connected via a vermis
Outer layer of grey matter , the cortex
Inner core of white matter , including deep nuclei
Blood supply to brocas
Left middle cerebral artery
Blood supply to the cerebellum
Posterior inferior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Superior cerebellar
Terminal branches of circle of Willis
Anterior choroidal
Posterior cerebellar a
What joins the anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating a
What joins the middle and posterior cerebellar artery
Posterior communicating a
What secretes csf
Empendymal cells
What artery supplies each lobe
Frontal - anterior cerebral
Temporal - lateral surface middle cerebral , inferior surface posterior cerebral
Parietal - middle cerebral
Occipital - posterior cerebral
Function of Dural venous sinuses
Venous blood drainage to the internal jugular
How do the paired cavernous sinus communicate
Anterior and posterior inter cavernous branch
Two layers of dura mater
Endosteal layer
Inner meningeal layer
How does csf enter sinuses
Arachnoid granulations
Paired sinuses
Cavernous
Transverse
Superior and inferior petrosal sinus sphenoparietal
Unpaired sinuses
Straight
Occipital
Inferior and superior Sagittal
Intercavernous
Venous drainage of the brain
Superior cerebral - drain the superior surface
Middle cerebral vein. - drains lateral surface of each hemisphere
Inferior. - inferior aspect of each hemisphere
Most common location for berry aneurysm
Anterior cerebral artery
Clinical definition of berry aneurysm
A balloon like outpouching of the vessel wall
What are mossy fibres
Axons of dentate granule cells in the hippocampal region
What are climbing fibres
Terminals of the axons arriving from inferior olive neutrons
Pathway of medulla
Extends from the decussation of the great pyramids passes through foramen magnum to the inferior pontine sulcus
What is a pyramid
Elongated eminence marking the position of underlying fibres from the cerebral hemisphere to the cord
What is the midline of the medulla
Anterior median fissure
What are the olives of the medulla
Pair of swellings lateral to the pyramids
Function of intervertebral discs
Shock absorbers
360 movement
Parts of an intervertebral disc
Body Pedicle Transverse process Spinous process Articular process , sup and inf Lamina
Two parts of an intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosus
What is c1 also known as
Atlas
How do the vertebral arteries travel
Through foramen in transverse process of vertebral disc to foramen magnum to cranium
Distinctive feature if cervical disc
Small body , not supporting weight
Foramen in transverse process
What can you feel at c7
Major spinous process
Distinguish features of thoracic veterbrae
Will link with ribs at 3 points
Small body heart shaped vertebral
Long spinous process
Distinguish features of lumbar vertebrae
Large body to withstand weight
Process are shorter but wider
Distinguishing features of sacral vertebrae
They have all fused together
Where would you insert a lumbar puncture
L3/4
What is cauda equina
Spinal nerves from lower spinal cord that hang obliquely downwards
What is the tentorium cerebelli
Dura lying between the cerebellum and occipital lobes
Bones of the skull
Zygomatic Maxilla Nasal Lacrimal Mandible
Contents of anterior cranial fossa
Frontal crest
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Innervation of cribriform plate
Olfactory
Contents of middle cranial fossa
Pituitary gland
Greater wings of sphenoid bone
Squamous and Petrous of temporal bones
Contents of posterior cranial fossa
Medulla pons midbrain
Occipital bone
Cilvus
Vasculature and innervation to dura mater
Middle meningeal artery
Cn V
What would cerebellar damage look like
Uncoordinated movement
Tremors
Muscle spasm
