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SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

allodynia

A

sensation of pain in response to a stimulus that would not typically produce pain

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2
Q

analgesia

A

absence of pain while remaining conscious

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3
Q

anesthesia

A

absence of touch sensation

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4
Q

causalgia

A

constant, relentless, burning hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia that develops after a peripheral nerve injury

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5
Q

dysesthesia

A

distortion of any of the senses, especially the sense of touch

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6
Q

hyperesthesia

A

heightened sensation

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7
Q

hyperpathia

A

an extreme exaggerated response to pain

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8
Q

hypesthesia

A

diminished sensation of touch

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9
Q

neuralgia

A

severe and multiple shock-like pains that radiate from a specific nerve distribution

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10
Q

pallanesthesia

A

loss of vibration sensation

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11
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensations such as tingling, pins and needles, or burning sensations

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12
Q

akinesia

A

inability to initiate movement; commonly seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

asthenia

A

generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

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14
Q

ataxia

A

inability to perform coordinated movements

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15
Q

athetosis

A

condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture.

Peripheral movements occur without central stability

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16
Q

bradykinesia

A

movement that is very slow

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17
Q

chorea

A

movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary

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18
Q

clasp-knife response

A

form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of range that lessens with movement through the ROM

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19
Q

clonus

A

characteristic of an UMN lesion; involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

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20
Q

cogwheel rigidity

A

a form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality to it; often seen with Parkinson’s disease

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21
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

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22
Q

dysmetria

A

inability to control the range of movement and the force of muscular activity

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23
Q

dystonia

A

closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles

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24
Q

fasciculation

A

muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a LMN and its muscle fibers; suggests LMN disease; however, it can be benign

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25
Q

hemiballism

A

involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

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26
Q

kinesthesia

A

ability to perceive the direction and extend of movement of a joint or body part

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27
Q

lead pipe rigidity

A

form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to ROM; often associated with lesions of the basal ganglia

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28
Q

rigidity

A

state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specified joint

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29
Q

tremor

A

involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to a basal ganglia lesion. There are various classifications secondary to a specific etiology.

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30
Q

closed-system model

A

characterized by transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control.

NS is seen as an active “participant” with the ability to enable the initiation of movement as opposed to solely “reacting” to stimuli

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31
Q

compensation

A

ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task

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32
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli

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33
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring knowledge about the world that leads to a relatively permanent change in a persons capability to perform a skilled action

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34
Q

non-associative learning

A

a single, repeated stimulus (habituation, sensitization)

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35
Q

associative learning

A

gaining understanding of the relationship between two stimuli, causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (classical conditioning, operant conditioning)

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36
Q

procedural learning

A

learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration to the task; a task is learned by forming movement habits (developing a habit through repetitive practice)

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37
Q

declarative learning

A

requires attention, awareness, and reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled (mental practice)

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38
Q

motor learning

A

ability to perform a movement as a result of internal processes that interact with the environment and produce a consistent strategy to generate the correct movement.

It is the acquisition of, or modification of movement

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39
Q

motor program

A

a concept of a central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes. Motor programs are seen as containing the rules for creating spatial and temporal patterns of motor activity needed to carry out a given motor task

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40
Q

open system model

A

characterized by a single transfer of information without any feedback loop (reflexive hierarchal theory). In this theory, the NS is seen as awaiting stimuli in order to react

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41
Q

performance

A

a temporary change in motor behavior seen during a particular session of practice that is a result of many variables; however, only one variable is focusing on the act of learning. Performance is not an absolute measure of learning since there are multiple variables that potentially affect performance

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42
Q

plasticity

A

ability to modify or change at the synapse level either temporarily or permanently in order to perform a particular function

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43
Q

postural control

A

ability of the motor and sensory systems to stabilize position and control movement

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44
Q

recovery

A

ability to utilize previous strategies to return to the same level of functioning

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45
Q

sensitization

A

the increase in response that will occur as a result of a noxious stimuli

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46
Q

strategy

A

a plan used to produce a specific result or outcome that will influence the structure or system

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47
Q

agnosia

A

inability to interpret information

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48
Q

agraphesthesia

A

inability to recognize symbols, letters, or numbers traced on the skin

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49
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write due to a lesion within the brain and is typically found in combination with aphasia

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50
Q

alexia

A

inability to read or comprehend written language secondary to a lesion within the dominant lobe of the brain

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51
Q

anosognosia

A

the denial or unawareness of one’s illness; often associated with unilateral neglect

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52
Q

aphasia

A

inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain

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53
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities even though there is no sensory or motor impairment that would hinder completion of the task

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54
Q

astereognosis

A

inability to recognize objects by sense of touch

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55
Q

body schema

A

having an understanding of the body as a whole and the relationship of its parts to the whole

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56
Q

constructional apraxia

A

inability to reproduce geometric figures and designs. A person is often unable to visually analyze how to perform a task

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57
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in extension of the trunk and all extremities

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58
Q

decorticate rigidity

A

characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk and lower extremities are positioned in extension and the upper extremities are positioned in flexion

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59
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

60
Q

dysarthria

A

slurred and impaired speech due to a motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech

61
Q

dysphagia

A

inability to properly swallow

62
Q

dysprosody

A

impairment in the rhythm and inflection of speech

63
Q

emotional lability

A

a characteristic of right hemisphere infarct where there is an inability to control emotions and outbursts of laughing or crying that are inconsistent with the situation

64
Q

fluent aphasia

A

characteristic of receptive aphasia where speech produces functional output regarding articulation, but lacks content and is typically dysprosodic using neologistic jargon

65
Q

hemiparesis

A

condition of weakness on one side of the body

66
Q

hemiplegia

A

condition of paralysis on one side of the body

67
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

loss of the right or left half o the field of vision in both eyes

68
Q

ideational apraxia

A

inability to formulate an initial motor plan and sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movements is impaired

69
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

a condition where a person plans a movements or task, but cannot volitionally perform it. Automatic movements may occur, however, a person cannot impose additional movements on command

70
Q

neologism

A

substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable

71
Q

non-fluent aphasia

A

characteristic of expressive aphasia where speech is non-functional, effortful, and contains paraphasias.

Writing is also impaired

72
Q

perseveration

A

the state of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose

73
Q

synergy

A

mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage

74
Q

unilateral neglect

A

the inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion. Left-sided neglect is most common withe a lesion to the right inferior parietal or superior temporal lobes

75
Q

cauda equina injury

A

term used to describe injuries that occur below the L1 level of the spine. A cauda equina injury is considered to be a LMN lesion

76
Q

dermatome

A

designated sensory areas based on spinal segment innervation

77
Q

head-hips relationship

A

principle of mechanics used during mobility training with UE WBing used as a fulcrum for activity.

Technique requires the head to move in the opposite direction from the hips

78
Q

myelotomy

A

surgical procedure that severs certain tracts within the spinal cord in order to decrease spasticity and improve function

79
Q

myotome

A

designated motor areas based on spinal segment innervation

80
Q

neurectomy

A

surgical removal of a segment of a nerve in order to decrease spasticity and improve function

81
Q

neurogenic non-reflexive bladder

A

bladder is flaccid as a result of cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion.

Sacral reflex arc is damaged

82
Q

neurogenic reflexive bladder

A

bladder empties reflexively for a patient with an injury above the level of T12.

Sacral reflex arc remains intact

83
Q

neurologic level

A

lowest segment (most caudal) of the spinal cord with intact strength and sensation.

Muscle groups at this level receive a grade of fair

84
Q

paradoxical breathing

A

a form of abdominal breathing that is common in tetraplegia where the abdomen rises and the chest is pulled inward during inspiration. On expiration, the abdomen falls and the chest expands

85
Q

paraplegia

A

term used to describe injuries that occur at the level of the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine

86
Q

rhizotomy

A

surgical resection of the sensory component of a spinal nerve in order to decrease spasticity and improve function

87
Q

sacral sparing

A

incomplete lesion where some of the innermost tracts remain innervated. Characteristics include sensation of the saddle area, movement of the toe flexors, and rectal sphincter contraction

88
Q

spinal shock

A

a physiologic response that occurs between 30-60mins after trauma to the SC and can last up to several weeks.

Spinal shock presents with total flaccid paralysis and loss of all reflexes below the level of injury

89
Q

tenodesis

A

patients with tetraplegia that do not possess motor control for grasp can utilize the tight finger flexors in combination with wrist extension to produce a form of grasp

90
Q

tenotomy

A

a surgical release of a tendon in order to decrease spasticity and improve function

91
Q

tetraplegia (quadriplegia)

A

a term adopted by the American Spinal Injury Association to describe injuries that occur at the level of the cervical spine

92
Q

zone of preservation

A

term used to describe poor or trace motor or sensory function for up to 3 levels below the neurologic level of injury

93
Q

double crush syndrome

A

existence of two of separate lesions along the same nerve that create more severe symptoms than if only one lesion existed

94
Q

mononeuropathy

A

an isolated nerve lesion; associated conditions include trauma and entrapement

95
Q

neuroma

A

abnormal growth of nerve cells; associated conditions include vasculitis, AIDS, and amyloidosis

96
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

impairment or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves; associated conditions include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, trauma, alcoholism

97
Q

polyneuropathy

A

diffuse nerve dysfunction that is symmetrical and typically secondary to pathology and not trauma; associated conditions include GBS, peripheral neuropathy, use of neurotoxic drugs, and HIV

98
Q

axon

A

projection of a nerve away from the cell body that conducts impulses

99
Q

dendrite

A

extension of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons

100
Q

endoneurium

A

innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon

101
Q

epineurium

A

the outermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds the entire nerve and provides a buffer for the peripheral nerve

102
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

103
Q

myelin

A

proteins and lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves; increases conductivity of the nerve impulse

104
Q

nerve conduction velocity

A

measure the speed of a nerve impulse along the axon of a nerve

105
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells; compromised of a cell body, axon, and dendrites

106
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

brief gaps in myelination of an axon; serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node

107
Q

perineurium

A

the middle layer of covering surrounding the peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains the blood-nerve barrier

108
Q

saltatory conduction

A

an action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases the use of sodium-potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction

109
Q

schwann cell

A

cells that cover the nerve fibers within the peripheral nervous system and form the myelin sheath

110
Q

barognosis (screening procedure)

A

perceive the weight of different objects in the hand

111
Q

deep pain (screening procedure)

A

squeeze the forearm or calf muscle

112
Q

graphesthesia (screening procedure)

A

identify a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input

113
Q

kinesthesia (screening procedure)

A

identify direction and extent of movements of a joint or body part

114
Q

light touch (screening procedure)

A

perceive touch through light pressure or use of a cotton ball

115
Q

localization (screening procedure)

A

ability to identify the exact location of light touch on the body using a verbal response or gesturing

116
Q

proprioception (screening procedure)

A

identify a static position of an extremity or body part

117
Q

stereognosis (screening procedure)

A

identify an object without sight

118
Q

superficial pain (screening procedure)

A

perceive noxious stimulus using a pen cap, paper clip end, or pin

119
Q

temperature (screening procedure)

A

perceive warm and cold test tubes

120
Q

two-point discrimination (screening procedure)

A

using a two-point caliper on the skin, identify one or two points without visual input

121
Q

vibration (screening procedure)

A

perceive vibration or pain though a tuning fork

122
Q

intrinsic (inherent) feedback

A

represents all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems as a result of the movement including visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory inputs

123
Q

extrinsic (augmented) feedback

A

represents the information that can be provided while a task or movements is in progress or subsequent to the movement. This is typically in the form of verbal feedback or manual contacts

124
Q

knowledge of results

A

is an important form of extrinsic feedback and includes terminal feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movement’s goals

125
Q

knowledge of performance

A

is extrinsic feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement

126
Q

massed practice

A

practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

127
Q

distributed practice

A

amount of rest time between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of practice time for each trial

128
Q

constant practice

A

practice of a given task under a uniform condition

129
Q

variable practice

A

practice of a given task under differing conditions

130
Q

random practice

A

varying practice amongst different tasks

131
Q

blocked practice

A

consistent practice of a single task

132
Q

whole training

A

practice of an entire task

133
Q

part training

A

practice of an individual component or selected components of a task

134
Q

closed motor skill

A

a skill that is performed under a stable and unchanging environment

135
Q

knowledge of results

A

providing the patient with external feedback regarding a patients performance on a task. This can include observations as well as objective data and can be positive or negative in nature with the goal of influencing the learner.

136
Q

open motor skill

A

a skill that is performed under a consistently changing environment

137
Q

transfer of learning

A

an action cannot be separated from the environment that is performed in. A patient must be able to transfer the skill or motor task into different environments

138
Q

facilitation

A

a technique utilized to elicit voluntary muscular contraction

139
Q

inhibition

A

a technique utilized to decrease excessive tone or movement

140
Q

key points of control

A

specific handling of designated areas of the body (shoulder, pelvis, hand, and foot) will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control

141
Q

placing

A

the act of moving an extremity into position that ht patient must hold against gravity

142
Q

reflex inhibiting posture

A

designated static positions that Bobath found to inhibit abnormal tonal influences and reflexes

143
Q

associated reaction

A

an involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part

144
Q

homolateral synkinesis

A

a flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity

145
Q

limb synergies

A

a group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns

146
Q

Raimiste’s phenomenon

A

the involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved lower extremity in the same direction

147
Q

Souques’ phenomenon

A

raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension and abduction of the fingers

SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB (5 decks)

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