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SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

forequarter (scapulothoracic) amputation

A

surgical removal of the upper extremity including the shoulder girdle

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2
Q

shoulder disarticulation

A

surgical removal of the upper extremity through the shoulder

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3
Q

transhumeral amputation

A

surgical removal of the upper extremity proximal to the elbow joint

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4
Q

elbow disarticulation

A

surgical removal of the lower arm and hand through the elbow joint

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5
Q

transradial amputation

A

surgical removal of the upper extremity distal to the elbow joint

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6
Q

wrist disarticulations

A

surgical removal of the hand through the wrist joint

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7
Q

partial hand amputation

A

surgical removal of a portion of the hand and/or digits at either the transcarpal, transmetacarpal, or transphalangeal level

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8
Q

digital amputation

A

surgical removal of a digit at either the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, or distal interphalangeal level

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9
Q

hemicorporectomy amputation

A

surgical removal of the pelvis and both lower extremities

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10
Q

hemipelvectomy amputation

A

surgical removal of one half of the pelvis and the lower extremity

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11
Q

hip disarticulation

A

surgical removal of the lower extremity from the pelvis

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12
Q

transfemoral amputation

A

surgical removal of the lower extremity above the knee joint

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13
Q

knee disarticulation

A

surgical removal of the lower extremity through the knee joint

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14
Q

transtibial amputation

A

surgical removal of the lower extremity below the knee joint

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15
Q

Symeā€™s amputation

A

surgical removal of the foot at the ankle joint with the removal of the malleoli

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16
Q

transverse tarsal (Chopartā€™s) amputation

A

amputation through the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. The ambulation preserves the plantar flexors, but sacrifices the dorsiflexors, often resulting in an equinus contracture

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17
Q

tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) amputation

A

surgical removal of the metatarsals. The amputation preserves the dorsiflexors and the plantar flexors.

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18
Q

acquired amputation

A

refers to the surgical removal of a limb due to disease, trauma, or infection. This can be further defined as traumatic and non-traumatic amputation.

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19
Q

dysvascular

A

refers to the disease of blood vessels, including peripheral vascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and complications related to diabetes

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20
Q

endoskeletal shank

A

this type of shank consists of a rigid pylon covered with a material designed to simulate the contour and color of the contralateral limb

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21
Q

exoskeletal shank

A

this type of shank consists of a rigid external frame covered with a thin layer of tinted plastic to match the skin color distally

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22
Q

extension assist

A

a mechanism that assists the knee joint into extension during the swing phase of gait

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23
Q

myodesis

A

the anchoring of muscle tissue or tendon to bone using sutures that are passed through small holes drilled in the bone. This procedure is performed as part of the amputation closure process

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24
Q

myoelectric prosthesis

A

a device using electromyography signals to control movements of the prosthesis with surface electrodes or implantable wires

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25
Q

myoplasty

A

suturing amputated muscle flaps together over the end of a bone following an amputation

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26
Q

non-traumatic amputation

A

an amputation that is not the result of direct injury. Vascular disease and infection are types of non-traumatic amputations

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27
Q

osseointegration (endoprosthesis)

A

the process of implanting a prosthetic device directly into the residual limb of a person with limb loss. This process negates the need for a socket component

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28
Q

pistoning

A

the translation of the prosthetic limb from the residual limb. It is the result of inadequate suspension and can result in distal residual limb skin issues

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29
Q

polycentric knee

A

refers to a knee joint that has multiple axes of rotation that allows for a more natural gait cycle when compared to a single axis knee

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30
Q

pylon

A

term used to describe a pipe-like structure used to connect the socket of the prosthesis to the foot/ankle components. The pylon assists with weight bearing and shock absorption

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31
Q

rotationplasty

A

operation where a portion of the limb is removed while the remaining limb below is rotated and reattached. This procedure is often performed as a treatment for distal femoral osteosarcoma

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32
Q

shrinker

A

elastic sleeve that is placed over the end of the residual limb to control edema and encourage limb shaping

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33
Q

stance control (safety)

A

weight-activated mechanism that maintains knee extension during weight bearing, even if the knee joint is not fully extended. If the knee is flexed greater than what the control mechanism is designed for, the mechanism will not engage

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34
Q

suspension

A

the term used to describe how the prosthetic socket is attached to the residual limb. Common types of suspension include vacuum, shuttle lock, suction, waist belt, and harness.

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35
Q

traumatic amputation

A

an amputation performed secondary to a direct injury. A car accident or gunshot wound are potential examples of injuries resulting in traumatic amputation.

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36
Q

heel strike

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

the instant that the heel touches the ground to begin stance phase

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37
Q

foot flat

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground and should occur directly after heel strike

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38
Q

midstance

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

the point during the stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over the stance limb

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39
Q

heel off

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

point in which the heel of the stance limb leaves the ground

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40
Q

toe off

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

point in which only the toe of the stance limb remains on the ground

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41
Q

acceleration

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

begins when toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body

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42
Q

midswing

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

point when the swing limb is directly under the body

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43
Q

deceleration

Standard Terminology (gait)

A

begins directly after midswing, as the swing limb begins to extend, and ends just prior to heel strike

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44
Q

initial contact

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

beginning of the stance phase that occurs when the foot touches the ground

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45
Q

loading response

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

corresponds to the amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg

46
Q

midstance

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb

47
Q

terminal stance

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground

48
Q

pre-swing

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off

49
Q

initial swing

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing

50
Q

midswing

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground

51
Q

terminal swing

RLA Terminology (gait)

A

begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground

52
Q

base of support

A

distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait.

distance decreases as cadence increases

average BOS for an adult is 2-4 inches

53
Q

cadence

A

number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time.

average value for and adult is 110-120 steps/minute

54
Q

degree of toe-out

A

angle formed by each footā€™s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe

average degree of toe out for an adult is 7 degrees

55
Q

double support phase

A

refers to the two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground.

time of double support increases as the the speed of gait decreases

phase does not exist with running

56
Q

gait cycle

A

refers to the sequence of motions that occur from initial contact of the heel to the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel

57
Q

pelvic rotation

A

rotation of pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed.

average pelvic rotation during gait for adult is a total of 8 degrees (4deg forward with swing leg and 4deg backward with stance leg)

58
Q

single support phase

A

occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during a single gait cycle

59
Q

step length

A

distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike.

average step length for adult is 28 inches

60
Q

stride length

A

distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike.

average stride length for an adult is 56 inches

61
Q

antalgic gait

A

protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side, usually secondary to pain.

62
Q

ataxic gait

A

gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness. there is usually a wide BOS and movements are exaggerated

63
Q

cerebellar gait

A

staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease

64
Q

circumlocution gait

A

gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may by used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion

65
Q

double step (gait)

A

gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate

66
Q

equine (gait)

A

gait pattern characterized by high steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius

67
Q

festinating gait

A

gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as through pushed. It starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps and object in order to stop

68
Q

hemiplegic gait

A

gait pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them

69
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A

gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur

70
Q

scissor gait

A

gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement

71
Q

spastic gait

A

gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia.

72
Q

steppage gait

A

gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness. The foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to the decreased control

73
Q

tabetic gait

A

a high stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground

74
Q

trendelenburg gait

A

gait pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg

75
Q

vaulting gait

A

gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation and plantar flexion of the stance leg.

76
Q

muscle insufficiency

A

muscle contraction that is less than optimal due to an extremely lengthened or shortened position of the muscle

(two types: active and passive)

77
Q

active muscle insufficiency

A

when a 2-joint muscle contracts across both joints simultaneously

78
Q

passive muscle insufficiency

A

when a 2-joint muscle is lengthened over both joints simultaneously

79
Q

bursitits

A

condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae. Symptoms may include a limitation in AROM secondary to pain and swelling.

80
Q

contusion

A

sudden blow to a part of the body that can result in mild to severe damage to superficial and deep structures. Treatment includes AROM, ice, and compression

81
Q

edema

A

increased volume of fluid in the soft tissue outside of a joint capsule

82
Q

effusion

A

increased volume of fluid within a joint capsule

83
Q

genu valgum

A

condition where knees touch while standing with feet separated. (knock-kneed)

increases compression of lateral tibial condyle and increases stress to medial structures

84
Q

genu varum

A

condition where there is bowing of the legs with added space between the knees while standing with the feet together. (bowleg)

increases compression of the medial tibial condyle and increases stress to the lateral structures

85
Q

kyphosis

A

an excessive curvature of the spine in an posterior direction, usually identified in the thoracic spine.
Common causes include osteoporosis, compression fractures, and poor posture secondary to paralysis

86
Q

lordosis

A

an excessive curvature of the spine in an anterior direction, usually identified in the cervical or lumbar spine.
Common causes include weak abdominal muscles, pregnancy, excessive weight in the abdominal area, and hip flexion contractures

87
Q

Q angle

A

degree of angulation present when measuring from the midpatella to the ASIS and to the tibial tubercle.

A normal Q angle measured in supine with the knee straight is 13 degrees for a male and 18 degrees for a female. An excessive Q angle can lead to pathology and abnormal tracking

88
Q

Sprain

A

acute injury involving a ligament.

Grade 1 = mild pain and swelling, little to no tear of ligament.
Grade 2 = moderate pain and swelling, minimal instability to the joint, minimal to moderate tearing of the ligament, decreased ROM
Grade 3 = severe pain and swelling, substantial joint instability, total tear of the ligament, substantial decrease in ROM

89
Q

Strain

A

injury involving the musculotendinous unit that involves a muscle, tendon, or their attachments to the bone

Grade 1 = localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness
Grade 2 = localized pain, moderate swelling, tenderness, and impaired motor function
Grade 3 = a palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, and poor motor function

90
Q

tendonitis

A

condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of a tendon. Symptoms may include gradual onset, tenderness, swelling, and pain.

91
Q

elasticity

A

ability of soft tissue to return to its previous length after a stretch is no longer applied

92
Q

viscoelasticity

A

time-dependent property of soft tissue that results in resistance to stretch when it is initially applied, but allows for tissue elongation as the stretch is held for longer durations. As with elasticity, the tissue will return to its previous length after the stretch is no longer applied

93
Q

plasticity

A

a property of soft tissue that allows for tissue elongation even after a stretch is no longer applied

94
Q

stress-strain curve

A

graphic representation that depicts the relationship between the amount of force (stress) applied to connective tissue and the amount of deformation (strain) it experiences

95
Q

creep

A

due to the viscoelasticity property, soft tissue that is stretched for a sustained duration will elongate and not return to its original length after the load has been removed.

Principle of creep = basis of stretching!

96
Q

stress-relaxation

A

the longer a stretching force is maintained, the more the tension within the tissue decreases, therefore less force is required to maintain the same tissue length

97
Q

endurance

A

ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a light external load and resist fatigue over a prolonged period of time

98
Q

moment arm

A

linear distance from the axis of rotation to the site of the external load

99
Q

muscle performance

A

ability of muscle to perform work. The components of muscle performance include power, strength, and endurance

100
Q

power

A

the rate at which work is performed

i.e., work divided by time

101
Q

strength

A

the greatest amount of force that can be produced within a muscle during a single contraction, which may be assessed clinically by determining a pts 1 RM

(i.e., maximum amount of weight that can be lifted once)

102
Q

torque

A

ability of an external load to produce rotation around an axis, calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the load by the moment arm

103
Q

work

A

the magnitude of a load (e.g., weight) multiplied by the distance the load is moved (e.g., ROM used)

104
Q

avulsion fracture

A

portion of a bone becomes fragmented at the site of tendon attachment due to a traumatic and sudden stretch of the tendon

105
Q

closed fracture

A

break in a bone where the skin over the site remains intact

106
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone that breaks into fragments at the site of injury

107
Q

compound fracture

A

break in a bone that protrudes through the skin

108
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side. This type of fracture is often seen in children

109
Q

nonunion fracture

A

break in a bone that has failed to unite and heal after 9-12 months

110
Q

stress fracture

A

break in a bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone

111
Q

spiral fracture

A

break in a bone shaped like an ā€œSā€ due to torsion and twisting

SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB (5 decks)

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