Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
forequarter (scapulothoracic) amputation
A
surgical removal of the upper extremity including the shoulder girdle
2
Q
shoulder disarticulation
A
surgical removal of the upper extremity through the shoulder
3
Q
transhumeral amputation
A
surgical removal of the upper extremity proximal to the elbow joint
4
Q
elbow disarticulation
A
surgical removal of the lower arm and hand through the elbow joint
5
Q
transradial amputation
A
surgical removal of the upper extremity distal to the elbow joint
6
Q
wrist disarticulations
A
surgical removal of the hand through the wrist joint
7
Q
partial hand amputation
A
surgical removal of a portion of the hand and/or digits at either the transcarpal, transmetacarpal, or transphalangeal level
8
Q
digital amputation
A
surgical removal of a digit at either the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, or distal interphalangeal level
9
Q
hemicorporectomy amputation
A
surgical removal of the pelvis and both lower extremities
10
Q
hemipelvectomy amputation
A
surgical removal of one half of the pelvis and the lower extremity
11
Q
hip disarticulation
A
surgical removal of the lower extremity from the pelvis
12
Q
transfemoral amputation
A
surgical removal of the lower extremity above the knee joint
13
Q
knee disarticulation
A
surgical removal of the lower extremity through the knee joint
14
Q
transtibial amputation
A
surgical removal of the lower extremity below the knee joint
15
Q
Syme’s amputation
A
surgical removal of the foot at the ankle joint with the removal of the malleoli
16
Q
transverse tarsal (Chopart’s) amputation
A
amputation through the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. The ambulation preserves the plantar flexors, but sacrifices the dorsiflexors, often resulting in an equinus contracture
17
Q
tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) amputation
A
surgical removal of the metatarsals. The amputation preserves the dorsiflexors and the plantar flexors.
18
Q
acquired amputation
A
refers to the surgical removal of a limb due to disease, trauma, or infection. This can be further defined as traumatic and non-traumatic amputation.
19
Q
dysvascular
A
refers to the disease of blood vessels, including peripheral vascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and complications related to diabetes
20
Q
endoskeletal shank
A
this type of shank consists of a rigid pylon covered with a material designed to simulate the contour and color of the contralateral limb
21
Q
exoskeletal shank
A
this type of shank consists of a rigid external frame covered with a thin layer of tinted plastic to match the skin color distally
22
Q
extension assist
A
a mechanism that assists the knee joint into extension during the swing phase of gait
23
Q
myodesis
A
the anchoring of muscle tissue or tendon to bone using sutures that are passed through small holes drilled in the bone. This procedure is performed as part of the amputation closure process
24
Q
myoelectric prosthesis
A
a device using electromyography signals to control movements of the prosthesis with surface electrodes or implantable wires
25
myoplasty
suturing amputated muscle flaps together over the end of a bone following an amputation
26
non-traumatic amputation
an amputation that is not the result of direct injury. Vascular disease and infection are types of non-traumatic amputations
27
osseointegration (endoprosthesis)
the process of implanting a prosthetic device directly into the residual limb of a person with limb loss. This process negates the need for a socket component
28
pistoning
the translation of the prosthetic limb from the residual limb. It is the result of inadequate suspension and can result in distal residual limb skin issues
29
polycentric knee
refers to a knee joint that has multiple axes of rotation that allows for a more natural gait cycle when compared to a single axis knee
30
pylon
term used to describe a pipe-like structure used to connect the socket of the prosthesis to the foot/ankle components. The pylon assists with weight bearing and shock absorption
31
rotationplasty
operation where a portion of the limb is removed while the remaining limb below is rotated and reattached. This procedure is often performed as a treatment for distal femoral osteosarcoma
32
shrinker
elastic sleeve that is placed over the end of the residual limb to control edema and encourage limb shaping
33
stance control (safety)
weight-activated mechanism that maintains knee extension during weight bearing, even if the knee joint is not fully extended. If the knee is flexed greater than what the control mechanism is designed for, the mechanism will not engage
34
suspension
the term used to describe how the prosthetic socket is attached to the residual limb. Common types of suspension include vacuum, shuttle lock, suction, waist belt, and harness.
35
traumatic amputation
an amputation performed secondary to a direct injury. A car accident or gunshot wound are potential examples of injuries resulting in traumatic amputation.
36
heel strike
Standard Terminology (gait)
the instant that the heel touches the ground to begin stance phase
37
foot flat
Standard Terminology (gait)
point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground and should occur directly after heel strike
38
midstance
Standard Terminology (gait)
the point during the stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over the stance limb
39
heel off
Standard Terminology (gait)
point in which the heel of the stance limb leaves the ground
40
toe off
Standard Terminology (gait)
point in which only the toe of the stance limb remains on the ground
41
acceleration
Standard Terminology (gait)
begins when toe off is complete and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under the body
42
midswing
Standard Terminology (gait)
point when the swing limb is directly under the body
43
deceleration
Standard Terminology (gait)
begins directly after midswing, as the swing limb begins to extend, and ends just prior to heel strike
44
initial contact
RLA Terminology (gait)
beginning of the stance phase that occurs when the foot touches the ground
45
loading response
RLA Terminology (gait)
corresponds to the amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase for the other leg
46
midstance
RLA Terminology (gait)
point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb
47
terminal stance
RLA Terminology (gait)
begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground
48
pre-swing
RLA Terminology (gait)
begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off
49
initial swing
RLA Terminology (gait)
begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing
50
midswing
RLA Terminology (gait)
begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground
51
terminal swing
RLA Terminology (gait)
begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground
52
base of support
distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait.
distance decreases as cadence increases
average BOS for an adult is 2-4 inches
53
cadence
number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time.
average value for and adult is 110-120 steps/minute
54
degree of toe-out
angle formed by each foot's line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
average degree of toe out for an adult is 7 degrees
55
double support phase
refers to the two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground.
time of double support increases as the the speed of gait decreases
phase does not exist with running
56
gait cycle
refers to the sequence of motions that occur from initial contact of the heel to the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel
57
pelvic rotation
rotation of pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed.
average pelvic rotation during gait for adult is a total of 8 degrees (4deg forward with swing leg and 4deg backward with stance leg)
58
single support phase
occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during a single gait cycle
59
step length
distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike.
average step length for adult is 28 inches
60
stride length
distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike.
average stride length for an adult is 56 inches
61
antalgic gait
protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side, usually secondary to pain.
62
ataxic gait
gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness. there is usually a wide BOS and movements are exaggerated
63
cerebellar gait
staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease
64
circumlocution gait
gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase; this may by used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion
65
double step (gait)
gait pattern in which alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate
66
equine (gait)
gait pattern characterized by high steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius
67
festinating gait
gait pattern where a patient walks on toes as through pushed. It starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps and object in order to stop
68
hemiplegic gait
gait pattern in which patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them
69
Parkinsonian gait
gait pattern marked by increased forward flexion of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur
70
scissor gait
gait pattern in which the legs cross midline upon advancement
71
spastic gait
gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed. Commonly seen in spastic paraplegia.
72
steppage gait
gait pattern in which the feet and toes are lifted through hip and knee flexion to excessive heights; usually secondary to dorsiflexor weakness. The foot will slap at initial contact with the ground secondary to the decreased control
73
tabetic gait
a high stepping ataxic gait pattern in which the feet slap the ground
74
trendelenburg gait
gait pattern that denotes gluteus medius weakness; excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg
75
vaulting gait
gait pattern where the swing leg advances by compensating through the combination of elevation and plantar flexion of the stance leg.
76
muscle insufficiency
muscle contraction that is less than optimal due to an extremely lengthened or shortened position of the muscle
(two types: active and passive)
77
active muscle insufficiency
when a 2-joint muscle contracts across both joints simultaneously
78
passive muscle insufficiency
when a 2-joint muscle is lengthened over both joints simultaneously
79
bursitits
condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae. Symptoms may include a limitation in AROM secondary to pain and swelling.
80
contusion
sudden blow to a part of the body that can result in mild to severe damage to superficial and deep structures. Treatment includes AROM, ice, and compression
81
edema
increased volume of fluid in the soft tissue outside of a joint capsule
82
effusion
increased volume of fluid within a joint capsule
83
genu valgum
condition where knees touch while standing with feet separated. (knock-kneed)
increases compression of lateral tibial condyle and increases stress to medial structures
84
genu varum
condition where there is bowing of the legs with added space between the knees while standing with the feet together. (bowleg)
increases compression of the medial tibial condyle and increases stress to the lateral structures
85
kyphosis
an excessive curvature of the spine in an posterior direction, usually identified in the thoracic spine.
Common causes include osteoporosis, compression fractures, and poor posture secondary to paralysis
86
lordosis
an excessive curvature of the spine in an anterior direction, usually identified in the cervical or lumbar spine.
Common causes include weak abdominal muscles, pregnancy, excessive weight in the abdominal area, and hip flexion contractures
87
Q angle
degree of angulation present when measuring from the midpatella to the ASIS and to the tibial tubercle.
A normal Q angle measured in supine with the knee straight is 13 degrees for a male and 18 degrees for a female. An excessive Q angle can lead to pathology and abnormal tracking
88
Sprain
acute injury involving a ligament.
Grade 1 = mild pain and swelling, little to no tear of ligament.
Grade 2 = moderate pain and swelling, minimal instability to the joint, minimal to moderate tearing of the ligament, decreased ROM
Grade 3 = severe pain and swelling, substantial joint instability, total tear of the ligament, substantial decrease in ROM
89
Strain
injury involving the musculotendinous unit that involves a muscle, tendon, or their attachments to the bone
Grade 1 = localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness
Grade 2 = localized pain, moderate swelling, tenderness, and impaired motor function
Grade 3 = a palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, and poor motor function
90
tendonitis
condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of a tendon. Symptoms may include gradual onset, tenderness, swelling, and pain.
91
elasticity
ability of soft tissue to return to its previous length after a stretch is no longer applied
92
viscoelasticity
time-dependent property of soft tissue that results in resistance to stretch when it is initially applied, but allows for tissue elongation as the stretch is held for longer durations. As with elasticity, the tissue will return to its previous length after the stretch is no longer applied
93
plasticity
a property of soft tissue that allows for tissue elongation even after a stretch is no longer applied
94
stress-strain curve
graphic representation that depicts the relationship between the amount of force (stress) applied to connective tissue and the amount of deformation (strain) it experiences
95
creep
due to the viscoelasticity property, soft tissue that is stretched for a sustained duration will elongate and not return to its original length after the load has been removed.
Principle of creep = basis of stretching!
96
stress-relaxation
the longer a stretching force is maintained, the more the tension within the tissue decreases, therefore less force is required to maintain the same tissue length
97
endurance
ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a light external load and resist fatigue over a prolonged period of time
98
moment arm
linear distance from the axis of rotation to the site of the external load
99
muscle performance
ability of muscle to perform work. The components of muscle performance include power, strength, and endurance
100
power
the rate at which work is performed
| i.e., work divided by time
101
strength
the greatest amount of force that can be produced within a muscle during a single contraction, which may be assessed clinically by determining a pts 1 RM
(i.e., maximum amount of weight that can be lifted once)
102
torque
ability of an external load to produce rotation around an axis, calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the load by the moment arm
103
work
the magnitude of a load (e.g., weight) multiplied by the distance the load is moved (e.g., ROM used)
104
avulsion fracture
portion of a bone becomes fragmented at the site of tendon attachment due to a traumatic and sudden stretch of the tendon
105
closed fracture
break in a bone where the skin over the site remains intact
106
comminuted fracture
bone that breaks into fragments at the site of injury
107
compound fracture
break in a bone that protrudes through the skin
108
Greenstick fracture
break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side. This type of fracture is often seen in children
109
nonunion fracture
break in a bone that has failed to unite and heal after 9-12 months
110
stress fracture
break in a bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone
111
spiral fracture
break in a bone shaped like an "S" due to torsion and twisting
